~WOMAN’S NATIONAL COMMITTEE 
for LAW ENFORCEMENT 







WASHINGTON 
CONVENT 





ee OR ~ ba 
ZO. Gs Rr Pe 3 
ear Ae 
APRIL 11-13, 1926/.? 
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Realizing that the successful operation of any law depends 





for its support upon an articulate public opinion andthe character” 


of its public servants: 
RESOLVED: 


_ As delegates to the Woman’s National Convention for Law 
Enforcement we recommend that the women of the country pledge 
themselves to support at the polls only such candidates as will 
stand squarely for no repeal of the 18th Amendment nor modifica- 

“tion by weakening of concurrent legislation. 

And, Bre It Resotven further, that all candidates for public 

_ office be requested specifically to state their campaign position on 
this question. 











Published by 
WOMAN’S NATIONAL COMMITTEE for LAW ENFORCEMENT 





1 ArsENAL SQUARE, CAMBRIDGE, Mass. 


Woman’s National Committee for Law Enforcement | 


Allegiance to the Constitution — Observance of Law : 


General Chairman 
MRS. HENRY W. PEABODY 
Beverly, Mass. 


First Vice-Chairman 
MRS. ROSWELL MILLER 
129 KE. 52nd St., New York City 


Second Vice-Chairman 
MRS. GORDON NORRIE 


MRS. JOHN DICKINSON SHERMAN 
General Federation of Women’s 
Clubs 

MRS. JAMES A. WEBB, JR. 

Young Women’s Christian Asso- 
ciation 

MRS. A. H. REEVE 
Congress of Mothers and Parent- 
Teacher Associations 

MISS ANNIE FLORENCE BROWN 
Lend-a-Hand Society 
MRS. WILLIAM TILTON 

11 Mason Street, Cambridge, Mass. 


Committee 


MRS. W. L. DARBY 
MRS, CLARENCE °C, MACY 


Vice-Chairmen 

MRS. WILLIAM F. McDOWELL > 
Federation of Woman’s Boards of 
Foreign Missions of Norn Amer- 
ica 

MRS. FRED S. BENNETT : 
Council of Women for Home Mis- 
sions 

MRS. GEORGE H. PRIOR 
International Order of 
Daughters 

MRS. PHILIP NORTH MOORE — 
National Council of Women 

MRS. ELLIS. YOST 


Woman’s Christian Temperance 
Union SF ee 
Other Vice-Chairmen will be added later. 
Secretary 


MRS. FRANK SHULER 
129 E. 62nd St., New York City 
Treasurer 
MISS HILDA L. OLSON 
1 Arsenal Sq., Cambridge, Mass. 


at Large 


MISS MARY GARRETT- HAY 
MRS. ELLA BOOLE ; 


ParTIAL List OF THE COMMITTEE 


MRS. W. A. ALEXANDER 

MISS MARY ANDERSON 

MISS KATHERINE LEE BATES 
MRS. FRED S. BENNETT 

MES. ELMER BLAIR 

MRS, ELLA BOOLE 

MRS. WILLIAM BOYD 

MISS ANNIE FLORENCE BROWN 
MRS. CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT 
MRS. FRANCIS E. CLARK 

MRS. GEORGE W. COLEMAN 
MRS, JAMES COLBY COLGATE 
MRS. ANTHONY WAYNE COOK 
MRS. FRANK GAYLORD COOK 
MISS HELEN DAVIS 

MRS. CLEVELAND DODGH 
MRS. HENRY B. ESS 

MRS. HENRY FARNAM 

MRS. W. H. P. FAUNCE 

MRS. HE. F. FEICKERT 

MRS. EVERETT OO. FISK 

MRS. HENRY FORD 

MRS. JOHN FERGUSON 

MRS. JOSEPH M. GAZZAM 
MISS ANNA GORDON 

MRS. HERBERT J.) GURNEY 
MRS. JOHN HENRY RAMMOND 
MRS, J. BORDEN HARRIMAN 
MRS. WILLIAM I, HAVEN 
MISS MARY GARETT HAY 
MRS. J. EH. HAYES 

MRS. JOHN GRIER HIBBEN 
MRS. MILTON P. HIGGINS 
MRS. EDITH KNIGHT HILL 
MRS. WILLIAM BANCROFT HILL 
MISS MARGARET EE. HODGE 
MRS. JOSHUA HODGINS 

MISS MARY HOWARD Res 
MRS, WILLIAM HUNTINGTON 
MRS. W.. S. JENNINGS 

MRS. LUKE JOHNSON 

MISS ALICE M. KYLE 

MRS. EUGENE LEVERING 

MRS. A. HAINES LIPPINCOTT 
MRS. GEORGE HORACE LORIMER 
MRS. ROBERT S. MacARTHUR, JR, 
MRS. JOHN’ R. McCURDY 

MRS. CHARLES McDUFFEE 


MRS. W. F. McDOWELL 
MISS ELLA D. MacLAURIN 
MRS. PARKER MADDUX 


MRS. CAROLINE ATWATER MASON — 


MRS. JOHN F. MERRILL 

MRS. ROSWELL MILLER 

MRS. WALTER McNAB MILLER 
MRS. W. A. MONTGOMERY 
MRS. PHILIP NORTH MOORE 
MRS. W. L. MURDOCK = 
MRS. H. S. PRENTISS NICHOLS 
MRS. THOMAS NICHOLSON 
MRS. GORDON NORRIE 

MRS. KATHLEEN NORRIS 

MRS. I. H. O’HARRA 

MRS. HENRY W. PEABODY 
PRESIDENT ELLEN PENDLETON 
MRS. PERCY V. PENNYPACKER 
MRS. T. N, PFEIFFER 

MISS GRACE MORRISON POOLE 
DR. ELLEN POTTER 

MRS. GIFFORD I. PINCHOT 
MRS. JAMES MADISON PRATT | 
MRS. ARTHUR PROAL 
MISS FLORENCE E. QUINLAN 
MRS, PAUL RAYMOND 

MRS. AURELIA RHEINHART 
MES. RAYMOND ROBBINS 

MRS. ARTHUR D. ROPES ~ 
MRS WM. J. SCHIEFFELIN 
MRS. SAMUEL SEMPLE 
MRS JOHN D. SHERMAN 

MRS. E. H. SILVERTHORN ~ 
MRS. MARY WILES SMITH 
MRS. F. F. STEPHENS 

MRS. MARVIN V. SWEELEY 
MISS IDA TARBELL : 

MRS. ELIZABETH TILTON 
MISS FLORENCE TYLER 

MRS. FRANKLIN WARNER 

MRS. JAMES A. WEBB, JR. 
MRS. EDWARD FRANKLIN WHITE 
MRS. STANLEY WHITE 

MRS. MINER G. VAN WINKLE 
MRS. THOMAS WINTER - 
MRS MARY L. WOODRUFF. 
PRESIDENT MARY WOOLLEY — 
MRS. ELLIS YOST : 


ee ; 


& 





= 


WOMAN’S NATIONAL CONVENTION 
for 


LAW ENFORCEMENT 


A Message from the President 


Please convey my greetings to the members 
of the Woman’s National Committee for Law 
Enforcement. This earnest manifestation of 
interest in enforcement of law is gratifying. 
Such interest on the part of those citizens not 
officially connected with the execution of law 
is heartening to those charged with that re- 
sponsibility. In this message I desire to reiter- 
ate the following statement which I made on 
the subject of your present deliberations: 

“The Jaw represents the voice of the people. 
Beyond it, and supporting it, is a divine sanc- 
tion. Enforcement of law and obedience to 
law, by the very nature of our institutions, are 
not matters of choice in this republic, but the 
expression of a moral requirement of living in 
accordance with the truth. They are clothed 
with a spiritual significance, in which is re- 
vealed the life or the death of the American 
ideal of self-zovernment.”’ 

—Calvin Coolidge 








Published by 
WOMAN’S NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT 
1 Arsenal, Square, Cambridge, Mass. 


HONORARY SPONSORS 


Mrs. WitiiamM Howarp TAFT Mrs. Tuomas J. PRESTON 


Mrs. 


Mrs. 


Mrs. 
Mrs. 
Mrs. 
Mrs. 


Mrs. Miriam 


HARLAN FIsKE STONE 

Louis D. BRANDEIS 

HERBERT HOOVER 

Curtis D. WILBUR 

WILiiAM M. JARDINE 

James J. Davis ~ 

FERGUSON, Governor of Texas 


WIVES OF GOVERNORS 


Mrs. Theodore Christianson, 


Mrs 


Mrs. 


Mrs 
Mrs 
Mrs 


. V. K. Donahey, 


. Ben Paulen, 
. Clifford Walker, 


Minn. Mrs. Franklin S. Billings, Vermont 
Ohio Mrs. William W.Brandon, Alabama 


Angus W. McLean, N.Carolina Mrs. Arthur G. Sorlie, No. Dakota 


Kansas’ Mrs. Tom J. Terral, Arkansas 


Georgia Mrs. JohnH. Trumbull, Connecticut 


. Gifford Pinchot, Pennsylvania Mrs. John Winant, New Hampshire 
Mrs. Carl Gunderson, South Dakota 


Miss GRACE ABBOTT 


Mrs 


Mrs 
Mrs 
Mrs 
Mrs 
Mrs 
Mrs 
Mrs 
Mrs. 
Mrs. 
Mrs 
Mrs 
Mrs 
Hon 
Mrs 





Mrs. 
Mrs. 
Mrs. 
Mrs. 
Mrs. 
Mrs. 
Mrs. 
Mrs. 
Mrs. 
Mrs. 
Mrs. 
Mrs. 


. LARZ ANDERSON 


Miss Mary ANDERSON 


. Lincotn C. ANDREWS 
. FRANK L. BALL 

. FRANK W. BALLOU 

. ALBEN W. BARKLEY 
. Epwarp M. BEERS 

. Epwarp BROWNE 

. WittiaAM M. BUTLER 


PATRONESSES 


Mrs. W. W. HusBaNnpb 

Mrs. HENNEN JENNINGS 

Mrs. ALBERT JOHNSON 

Mrs. WEsLEY L. JONEs 

Mrs. CHARLES KEARNS 

Mrs. CLYDE KELLY 

Mrs. JOHN B. LARNER 

Mrs. WILLIAM MaTHER Lewis 
Mrs. CHARLES G. MATTHEWS 
Mrs. JOHN C. MERRIAM 


. WILLIAM E. CHAMBERLIN Mrs. Ettis Moore 


. JOHN G. COOPER 

. JAMES COUZENS 

. Louis CRAMTON 
“PORTER SEA DALE 
ORABLE JESSIE DELL 

. J. WALTER DRAKE 
FREDERICK DAVENPORT 
Duncan U. FLETCHER 
JouN D. FREDERICKS 
M. C. GARBER 

Finis J. GARRETT 
Guy D. GorFrF 
WILLIAM GorGAS 
LINDLEY HADLEY 
JoHN W. HarRreELD 

E. A. HarRIMAN 

Sam B. HILi 

Homer Hocu 


Mrs. JoHN NICOLSON 

Mrs. Georce W. Norris 

Mrs. GEORGE WHARTON PEPPER 
Mrs. WILLIAM RAMSEYER 
MapDAME J. E. Roso 

Mrs. Frep M. SACKETT 

Mrs. JAMES Brown Scottr 
JupGE KATHRYN SELLERS 

Mrs. Morris E. SHEPPARD 
Mrs. AppIsON SMITH 

Mrs. SELDEN P. SPENSER 

Miss CLARA SPROUL 

Dr. Louise STANLEY 

Mrs. JoHN W. SUMMERS 
Mrs. Mina C. VAN WINKLE 
Mrs. GrEorGE W. WHITE 

Mrs. WALLACE H. Wuitr, Jr. 
Mrs. FRANK B. WILLIs 


Mrs. CHARLES BOUGHTON Woop 


CONTENTS 


memiessave) Troms, tue r resident! 0. Me IT Raa 
SEMI eek UT OTLCR CRG Et, Wc oa a caw ceate, AM athe van ore | 
Greeting by Mrs. Harlan Fiske Stone ................. 
BioressnDyeLuGceA warney, Creneral io. iia ca ee ae ek Oe 
Rireeeryy ea Ee eS. oid c yee x oes, civ via a Hea ees PRP vane 
rere SEEPS SUC neha iPad a ns », 9: ated wid ice atte ote tte ay edie te 
Premimaiek fA Vere er yaCei: by. fd etl eid os eae Wala ase cain 


Resolutions of Commission on Chureh and Law Enforce- 
TILCTNG MEE OS rere colle le Sao sce tre oo kdsnaticetere re ce Gpane tet 


lames bservancesin: the oLLomeyrsis. «5: . siz viele eee ala Meld aA s 


Report of Commission on Prohibition Justified by Health, 
aires or GUM LUC ONOMICS f°. he Wa peks alee eiman eros 


Commission on Assets and Liabilities .................. 
Pose ery Lite) | OMISSION 8 5) «Ws ONL ade SRN Ue iehs oe 
ST OTEMPT F PCUGALION «0°. «2 Sin che hegelh Suse eka dv eee as 
Ome ACN) Tee CSIR Sina a's oc} cial « << egsddeigi kath s Maa otale WEE 
Message from Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. ............ 
eet OTE A LIOOTATICE oo) a. 's > 4s nic ae mansion ed ca 
Commission on Organization and Method .............. 
MeDOREEoc Lue, pecretary, Pro ste) ..)0 gets a et methane ke see 


Addresses of the Convention : 
PACTRELOLTIS UCD DALC - 5:.'s «o's «paces tee Ube eitio Ietisie Wik 
Honmadlapel, Walker: Willebrandt....... «a. +. oelpcaee oy 
Poorman teDLOi® Val Cell 51>, a euaie xe «top aredaen cain a 
Sire 2 SGU PELE I tly sucitis ca Sos yeaiaetice ott tart sophides 
Raa ie (EW A ICTS WG. 13:2 specie 3a elorce ce RAPE eee ee anes ess 
Nici LOT a PECLMNICAR SE LOGGAL() . asker ural tok aaah end 
Rien eee MCE LAS, 50% 12s) och adie pabat palate eekaeeer eras Sede ta aie 
Pir tran en LLOSOD | 2., .'.. «os ioeeee oat NTS cee 
BLOWER, PWV MALTON: lo). pis sees alae ne nity, ame oeeLeS oxy Shea 
Merwe Anthony Wayne. Cook’... +i. aw.om wes ue a: oe epits 
Be NATE aAN TLLLAIGS olny a4 «ore macro Rie ee Chee tis es oe 


Story of Convention (concluded) ..................... 
Measures to be Considered Before Senate Committee .... 


4 LAW EN¥ORCEMENT 


E give the place of honor and precedence to this 

great address by the Attorney General of the United 
States, Hon. John Garibaldi Sargent, at the luncheon of the 
Law Enforcement Convention, Tuesday, April 13th, in the 
Hall of Nations, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Harlan Fiske 
Stone presided and introduced the speaker as follows: 


GREETING by 
Mrs. HARLAN FISKE STONE 


| fs is a great pleasure, privilege and honor to meet so many women 
representing every part of our country and representing, also, so 
many of the great organizations of women who are gathered here 
with the same common interest at heart — Allegiance to our Consti- 
tution and Observance of Law. 

It is splendid and most encouraging to know that also at this 
time — at this very hour, similar groups are meeting all over our 
United States, from Massachusetts to California for the purpose of 
arousing more interest in loyalty to the Constitution. I have before 
me the list of 150 cities and towns. There-are three centers in 
‘Texas. The women: of Ohio met yesterday in the Senate Chamber 
and carried on the same program that was presented here. Without 
loyalty to the Constitution on which our Government is founded, 
there can be no future for our Republic. We are not the law 
makers for the nation but we have our opportunity in the home and 
school to teach the leaders of the future and to fit them for respon- 
sibility and positions of trust. 

We can and must arouse and influence public sentiment. Only 
when public sentiment is strong enough can perfect observance of 
law be secured. Everyone of us can influence and does influence, in 
a small way perhaps, that public sentiment by word and example. 
Every one of us by her loyalty is a help and source of strength, not 
only to herself and her friends but to every one with whom she 
comes in contact. 

Such an occasion as this affords us an opportunity to extend our 
influence as well as to be strengthened in our association and study 
together. Let us pledge again our loyalty to the Constitution on 
this, the birthday of Thomas Jefferson, and let us remember, ““There 
is nothing quite so vital to the future of our country as the enforce- 
ment of its laws and respect for its law.” 


I have the honor to introduce to you the Attorney General of the 
United States— 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 5 


REMARKS by 
THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES 


Madame the President and Members of the 
Women's Committee on Law Enforcement: 


In approaching the subject before you at this social gathering 
of the representatives of your great body, I am somewhat at a loss 
how to begin. 

To me, the matter of having the law observed, in a country under 
a government like ours, seems a very simple thing. All that is 
necessary is that each member of each family in each community 
in each State shall go about his and her business each day with the 
purpose in mind to obey the rules made by society for its own guid- 
ance. But it happens that there are here and there among us per- 
sons who do not have such purpose; persons who, instead of trying 
to earn an honest living, by honest toil, undertake to get the means 
of living in what they think and hope will be an easier way. 

We must remember that a living for all must be earned by all, 
and each member of society who does not by some useful action 
earn his keep, increases the burden of the rest who have to earn 
it for them. 

With those who are a burden from being mere drones, shirks, 
we need not further concern ourselves here; with those who by 
active preying on their fellow members of the social body undertake 
to get a living, or more than a living, —the means of luxury, — 
we are here very much concerned. 

With those who undertake to set aside the rules of life which 
we ourselves have made, and satisfy their cravings of lust, of appe- 
tite, of revenge, of malice by reprisals on individuals, on the com- 
munity, we are very much concerned. 

We make law governing the relations of individuals to each 
other and their property, and we provide courts in which individuals 
may seek redress for violations of their legal rights by other in- 
dividuals. 

We make law governing the relations of individuals to the com- 
munity, and provide by law penalties for infraction of such law. 
The community as a body cannot well impose such penalties, and 
so we provide courts to pass on the question of whether there has 
been an infraction of the law, and provide representatives of the 
community to present in such courts charges against persons accused 
of infractions of the law, — prosecuting officers. 

What is the duty of such a representative of the community 
toward its laws? 

It seems to me that a prosecuting officer while and so long as 
he holds his place as the representative of the law, ought not to 
take the position that the law as it is ought not to be the law. 


6 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


The law is the will of the body politic, and we are in our places 
by the will of the body politic, put there to execute that will: and 
if we go about declaring in speech and in print that the law ought 
to be changed, so that acts which are offenses against the law will 
not be offenses, we thereby weaken our causes in the minds of the 
tribunals before whom we must try them. 

I notice on the letterheads of this Committee that the purpose 
of the organizations it represents is to encourage the enforcement 
of all the law, with especial emphasis on the Eighteenth Amend- 
ment and the Volstead Act, and I have been informed by some 
of your officers that you are particularly anxious for an expression 
of my views on that subject. 

Let me say that what my views are is not, as I see it, of much 
greater importance than what your views are. I can keep the 
machinery of prosecution of violators of the law in motion, but 
you can make the results of such work effective, or to a considerable 
extent impair its effectiveness. 

At the risk of being accused of having a single-track mind, I 
wish to repeat here in substance a few observations I have before 
publicly made on this subject. 

In this country, under our system of Government, the will of 
the people expressed by their vote becomes and is the rule of con- 
duct which all citizens are bound to observe, and which all citizens 
or aliens must be compelled to observe. “That rule of conduct 
creates the duty of every inhabitant of the jurisdiction doing the 
voting. 

The Eighteenth Amendment is the law of the land. 

The Volstead Act is the law of the land. 

Both by constitutional command of the whole people, and by 
legislative enactment of their representatives in Congress, it has 
been decreed that traffic in intoxicating liquor shall cease. 

There is no room for discussion as to what the voters of the 
country have said. 

There is no half way place in the command they have laid upon 
their servants chosen and appointed to administer the law. 

But, notwithstanding that the law is as it is, notwithstanding 
the will of the people is that this trafhc, and, of course, the 
drinking of alcohol, — shall cease, a considerable number of persons 
insist they will not obey the law, and persist in the traffic to supply 
drink for themselves and others who are willing to reward them 
for the chances they take. 

Those who engage in the business, those who furnish the business 
by buying its wares, and some who do not wish to either sell or 
buy liquor undertake to excuse the violators by saying over and 
over that this law is an infringement of personal liberty. 

They declare that since the prohibition law went into effect it 
has never been practically in effect; 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 


“ 


That it has been a disastrous, tragic failure; 

That the federal government is powerless to enforce it; because, 
they say, “The instinct of personal liberty is very strong,” ‘Man 
cannot be made over by law” and “Thousands of the best citizens 
of the country have been brought into contact with the bootlegger 
and have no compunction whatever about violating the law.” 

Let us examine these propositions briefly : 

Though some of those who make these claims and arguments 
may not, do not, have in mind a purpose to make the things pro- 
hibited easier to procure, and less dangerous to make and sell by 
those who would provide it, nevertheless such is the effect upon 
the execution of the law. 

Personal liberty to do what? Anything except to facilitate the 
making, sale and use of intoxicants? Why? Any reason except 
that the use of them may not be interfered with? 

What other result can follow the constant declaration that the 
law is not binding on the consciences of those who do not favor 
its provisions because they say it interferes with personal liberty 
and the instinct of personal liberty is very strong, — What other 
result can follow, than that juries will hesitate to convict on 
charges of violation of the law? 

What other result can follow than that those contemplating 
engaging in the traffic will be encouraged by the thought that 
probably, even if detected and arrested, conviction will not follow? 

No compunction about violating the law? Violating it how? 
What for? Anything except to provide intoxicants for somebody 
to drink? 

No. 

Such contentions, when made by those who do not want liquor 
for themselves, who would not intentionally put obstacles in the 
way of enforcement of the law, must be made without realization 
of the effect of their position. 

That effect can be and is only to weaken public sentiment in 
favor of any law enforcement, and to encourage violation of all law. 

It is only a step — and an easy one — for the man of loose moral 
fibre, who hears and reads that men of education, of standing and 
influence, aver and urge that he is not in conscience bound to give 
allegiance to one provision of the Constitution, is not in conscience 
bound to observe one statute, because it interferes with his liberty 
to do as he pleases in that matter, to come to the conclusion that 
he is not in conscience bound to observe another law, and then 
another, which interferes with the liberty he would have to do some 
other act but for the law; and when he is told that many of the 
best citizens violate a part of the law without compunction, what 
conclusion can he reach but that he may violate any part of it 
without compunction? 





8 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


The difference between civilization and barbarism is in the pres- 
ence or absence of law. 

The very idea of law in a community carries with it the surrender 
of individual freedom of action for the good of the whole body. 

In a state of barbarism one may walk or drive where he please, 
unless the “personal liberty” of another stronger than he interferes. 

In Washington one must drive on the right-hand side of the street. 
Why? Because the community has decided that the welfare of the 
whole, of which he is a part, demands that he be deprived of liberty 
to drive where he please, and compelled to go on the right-hand side. 

Does anyone contend that “man cannot be made over by law” 
in this matter? . 

Does anyone contend that because “the instinct of personal liberty 
is very strong” he has a right to endanger the safety of everyone 
in the street, including himself, by asserting his personal liberty 
and driving on the left-hand side? 

What is the difference between insuring the safety of travel by 
depriving men of their personal liberty through compelling them 
to drive on the right side, and compelling them to be sober when 
driving through depriving them of the means of getting drunk? 

The real source of the embarrassment to the enforcement of the 
law is, not that the law interferes with personal liberty, — any law 
which has any effect upon the conduct of the individuals composing 
society does that—— must do that— but that so many well inten- 
tioned persons, thoughtlessly, or following some process of unsound 
reasoning, join hands with those who intentionally violate the law 
and give them aid and comfort in attempting to justify their unlaw- 
ful conduct. 

There is no right of personal liberty to perpetuate an institution 
which the law condemns. 

In this country that the liquor traffic shall be exterminated is 
established by solemn resolution of the electorate. 

That it ought not to exist is admitted by those making the argu- 
ments and claims I have been discussing when they say either by 
way of preface or conclusion to every discussion, ““We do not desire 
to bring back intoxicating liquor”; ‘““There is no intention ever to 
bring back the saloon.” ‘Those who say this honestly surely cannot 
have thought out the result to which their arguments tend. 

The rest “do protest too much’. 

Again, if it be true that “the prohibitory law has never been 
practically in effect,’ that “it has been a disastrous, tragic failure,” 
that “the Government is powerless to enforce it,” in what way does 
it interfere with the personal liberty of those who drink intoxicants ? 

The answer is, as everybody knows, that by reason of the exist- 
ence of national prohibition, by reason of its practical effect, by 
reason of the exertion of the power of the federal government, the 
trafic in liquor is becoming day by day more and more difficult 
and dangerous to carry on. 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 9 


As the application of the. federal power grows more strict, and 
the manufacture within the country and importation from without 
become more restricted, as the business becomes more difficult and 
dangerous, the price of the goods dealt in rises, and right there 
is where the shoe pinches; right there is the evidence which cannot 
be controverted, that the federal government is not “powerless to 
enforce” the law. 

I maintain that to show the law, any law, is violated, is: not to 
show that it is not being enforced, or that it cannot be enforced. 

If that argument were sound, then because crimes of murder, 
rape, robbery, smuggling, stealing, embezzlement continue to be 
committed, we must say the penalties against them cannot be imposed. 

No one thinks that. 

As the amount of liquor available for consumption decreases, 
and the price of liquor rises and the profit per quart or per gallon 
increases, new and keener wits and ingenuity are attracted to the 
business, new and complicated and skilful schemes are devised for 
evading the law, and constantly increasing watchfulness, activity 
and study required for their detection; many of them go on for a 
time without detection. But ways of meeting and overcoming them 
are found, and can be found for all of them. 

Recently someone made an argument that the great increase of 
cases in Court for violation of the prohibitory law is an indication 
that the law is not being and cannot be enforced. 

I submit that that increase in cases in Court is an index of the 
activities which have resulted in whiskey being unobtainable except 
at an expense many times as great as before those activities were 
exerted by the federal government. 

And as the work of detection, seizure and arrest resulting in such 
cases in Court goes on, the extinction of the trafic draws so much 
nearer. 

That this traffic may be declared an evil thing, and may be abated 
under the provisions of the now existing law is firmly settled by 
judicial decision of the highest court. 

What remains in the way of its complete abatement? 

The temptation to make money in the traffic, created by those 
who either wilfully or thoughtlessly disregard their highest obliga- 
tions to their country and themselves and offer and pay for viola- 
tion of the law a bribe large enough to offset the danger of prose- 
cution, fine and imprisonment. 

To those “thousands of the best citizens of the country who have 
no compunctions whatever about violating the law” I address the 
question: — Upon reflection, having called to your attention what 
your action really means and is in paying an outlaw for violating 
the law of your country in order to furnish you the means of grati- 
fying your desire for drink, don’t you think it better to refrain 
from such bribery in the future? 


10 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


Don’t you feel that, unless you so refrain, there may be some 
doubt about your being longer entitled to the designation “best 
citizens of the country?” 

Can you afford to endanger your property, your safety, your 
lives, and the property, safety and lives of your wives and children 
by teaching and practicing the doctrine of purchasing the commis- 
sion of crime? 

Laying aside for the moment any consideration of your nas as 
citizens, does not your interest lie the other way? 

To those who, after considering the character and consequences. 
of their acts, persist in promoting and fostering the violation of the 
law, I say that the hand of punishment shall fall as often and as 
heavily as those now charged with the duty of administering the 
law can cause it to fall. , 

To you, the women of this country, I say, you can by your influ-: 
ence and your votes secure the election and appointment of honest, 
faithful administrative officers, and the discharge and retirement 
of those who prove to be dishonest, unfaithful, inefficient. 

More than this, — 

Remember that the business of making, transporting and selling 
liquor is not entered upon from the motives which incite the com- 
mission of most other crimes, — jealousy, revenge, sudden anger, ill 
will toward society generally, but only for profit. 

‘The market for the goods is the whole foundation of the great 
cost In money, time and effort of suppression of the traffic. 

You can see to it that at no social event in your charge shall your 
tables be disgraced by the presence of unlawful liquor. 

You can, if you will, make the serving of unlawful liquor at 
social functions of your acquaintances so unpopular that it will cease. 

Will you do your part? 

I notice further on your letterheads, “Allegiance to the Consti- 
tution” on the one side, “Observance of law” on the other side. 

With two such supporters staying up its hand, Enforcement of 
the Law must win. | 

‘Then came Amalek and fought with Israel in Rephidim. 

‘And Moses said unto Joshua, Choose us out men and go out 
and fight with Amalek; tomorrow I will stand on top of the hill. 

“So Joshua did as Moses had said to him and fought with Amalek, 
and Moses, Aaron and Hur went up to the top of the hill. 

‘And it came to pass, when Moses held up his hand that Israel 
prevailed: and when he let down his hand Amalek prevailed. 

“But Moses’ hands were heavy; and they took a stone and put 
it under him and he sat thereon; and Aaron and Hur stayed up 
his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side; 
and his hands were steady until the going down of the sun. 

“And Joshua discomfited Amalek and _ his people with the edge 
of the sword.” 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 11 


FOREWORD 


The tumult and the shouting dies, 
The captains and the kings depart. 

Still stands Thine ancient sacrifice; 
A broken and a contrite heart. 

Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet; 
Lest we forget, lest we forget. 


T THE close of one of the most remarkable conventions ever 
held by women echoed this verse of the Recessional. “There 
was conviction that the convention had come not through 

human agencies, but that the Committee had been divinely led in 
appointing it for April 11 to 13. The dates were finally set 
January 4. There was then no knowledge of the terrific attack 
of the small minority of anti-prohibitionists in Congress and the 
hearing which they were determined to secure. 

The only thought was that the time had come for a careful con- 
sideration of the situation, in view of threats to elect next fall, as 
many congressmen as possible to work against the Eighteenth Amend- 
ment and the Volstead Act. It was necessary for the Chairman to 
go to Florida for a rest. It was impossible at that distance to do 
very much active work on a convention program. ‘The plan had 
been suggested to appoint several commissions, giving them time to 
study the situation and report. ‘This was done. 

The women who were competent to prepare the reports were 
very busy, but many were willing to give time to what they con- 
sidered the leading issue before the nation. ‘The reports of the com- 
missions and their members will appear in this report. 

It was necessary after the appointment of the dates April 12 and 
13, to move the convention back a day beginning Sunday the 11th. 
It was perfectly evident before the convention was over that here 
again was a Divine appointment as the convention began on Sunday. 
The report of the church women’s commission presented by Mrs. 
Herbert Goodman, the Secretary, in the absence of the Chairman, 
Mrs. Fred S. Bennett, of New York, was a fitting opening to a 
convention made up largely of church organizations. 

Great hymns inspired the audience; “Lead On, O King Eternal”’ 
was the marching song. ‘Faith of Our Fathers,” “Oh, God, Our 
Help in Ages Past” took the place of ordinary patriotic music of 
political conventions, for this was a citizens’ convention to discuss 
and approve practical, clean politics in place of the corrupt political 
machine which has too long controlled the affairs of our nation. 


12 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


The greeting from President Coolidge was read by the Chairman. 
There, too, rang the religious note. 

After the reading of the opening address by the Chairman of the 

oman’s National Committee for Law Enforcement, Mrs. Herbert 
Goodman of Chicago presented Mrs. Bennett’s report with the reso- 
lutions. ‘Those who spoke on the resolutions represented more than 
twelve million women. ‘This estimate is based on the last census of 
the Protestant churches numbering over thirty millions in member- 
ship. Of these at least sixty per cent are women. ‘Those who spoke 
were Mrs. Katherine Silverthorn, President of the Federation of 
Women’s Foreign Mission Boards; Mrs. Wilcox, who took the 
place of Mrs. John Ferguson, President of the Council of Women 
for Home Missions; Mrs. Jeannette Emrich, appointed by the Fed- 
eral Council of Churches; Miss Helen Davis, National Secretary of 
the Young Woman’s Christian Association; Mrs. D. E. Waid of 
the Presbyterian Board of National Missions. We have been un- 
able to secure the manuscript of these significant and valuable ad- 
dresses in time for the first edition of this report. 

Lieutenant Colonel Hamon, representing Commander Evangeline 
Booth of the Salvation Army, made a distinct contribution. Her 
statement regarding their relief homes showed that instead of the 
fifty per cent of cases received before prohibition due to alcohol only 
one per cent is now due to that cause. Her testimony was effective 
against assertions of liquor men in the wet hearing. 

Two convention addresses were broadcast in New York City. 
S. Parkes Cadman, D.D., President, Federated Council of Churches, 
and Rev. Daniel Poling, D.D., National President, Young People’s 
Society of Christian Endeavor, spoke for the convention, reaching 
over the radio great numbers who could not be in Washington. 

The meeting closed with an interesting three-minute talk by Rev. 
William S. Abernethey, President, Federation of Churches of Wash- 
ington, D.C., who told the story in the Ninth Chapter of Judges 
illustrating political methods in Old Testament times and the vic- 
tory by a woman over Abimelech, the corrupt political leader whom 
Jotham was opposing. He quoted verses 50 and 55 which we rec- 
ommend to all women. 

At seven o'clock in the Hall of Nations, Hotel Washington, a 
National Prayer Meeting was held, led by Mrs. Robert E. Speer, 
President of the National Young Women’s Christian Association. 
Perhaps in that hour of prayer lies the secret of the convention. It 
was not one prayer meeting but hundreds meeting throughout the 
afternoon and evening. ‘The women of America, feeling the weak- 
ness of human leadership, called on God and He heard and an- 
swered. Programs with hymns, prayer and Scripture passages, for 
more than two hundred groups, were sent throughout the states. 

When the first message went out to California for appointment 
of certain women on the commissions, the reply came quickly back 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 13 


from Mrs. Paul Raymond, Chairman of the Committee of Five 
Thousand, in a telegram: 
“May we have a simultaneous meeting under direction of our 
Committee of Five Thousand which is ready to become active 
whenever needed. Could you secure radio and give us your 


commission reports, resolutions, addresses, so that we might really 
hold a simultaneous convention?” 


That suggested the possibility of such conventions in other states. 
An opportunity was given in the meeting of the Woman’s Council 
of the Methodist Church South, held in Raleigh, North Carolina, 
to secure leadership through that splendid organization of women 
who pledged themselves in the Council to go home and work quickly 
to hold simultaneous meetings in their territory. The action was 
made an action of the convention, the chairman of the Social Serv- 
ice Committee codperated and messages went through the Southern 
states like magic. Meetings were called, programs were sent and 
action was taken in the form of hundreds of telegrams, letters and 
petitions which reached Washington, April 12, the day of the hear- 
ing in the Senate. Other states responding were Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Maryland, New: York, 
Ohio, Illinois, South Dakota, Texas which had three groups, Mis- 
sissippi, Virginia, Arkansas and Florida, until nearly every state 
was in line. Some instead of one great meeting planned hundreds 
of smaller ones. The greatest was in California. Their conven- 
tion lasted for three days in the Fairmount Hotel, San Francisco, 
and culminated in a luncheon of twelve hundred women, twice as 
many as gathered in the main convention in Washington. 

Columbus, Ohio, led by Mrs. William Alexander, secured the 
Senate Chamber in the State Capitol. The wife of the Governor 
sent out a ringing radio call and the women of all creeds met 
Monday, April 12, for a great program of prayer and inspiration. 
Charleston, W. Va., with many other cities took quick action, held 
a great luncheon at which the Governor spoke. 

Here is a letter from one of the little towns: 

“Send us the material for our prayer meeting Sunday, April 11. 
There are only 350 of us all told, but we are with you and shall 
be praying.” 

This with thousands of centers listening in to the messages and 
sending them up to the Heavenly Throne accounted for the very 
unusual character of the Woman’s Convention in Washington. 

At eight o’clock Sunday, immediately following the prayer serv- 
ice, the convention listened to the report of the Commission on 
Home Training and Observance of Law by Mrs. John Dickinson 
Sherman, President of the General Federation of Women’s Clubs 
and member of the Executive Committee. Mrs. Sherman, because 
of her own illness and sorrow, was prevented from coming to the 
meeting, but this did not prevent her from preparing her report 


14 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


which was read by Mrs. W. M. Sippel, President of State Federa- 
tion of Clubs of Maryland. 

Mrs. Boole’s interesting and informing report followed and 
called forth discussion. The value of these commissions lies in 
their authority and the fact that they have been thought out so 
carefully by some of the ablest women in the land. These commis- 
sion membership lists indicate the type of women available when 
need arises. 

The closing message by Bishop Freeman challenged the women 
to example in society and in the home. ‘The convention adjourned 
until two o’clock Monday afternoon. 


THE HEARING 


For a week the Sub-Committee of the Judiciary of the Senate 
had listened to the attacks on the Eighteenth Amendment and the 
Volstead Act. The papers were flooded with propaganda of the 
liquor forces. On Monday morning, April 12th, it was granted 
to the women of the Convention to open the Hearing for Prohibi- 
tion forces. For the first time in history women went to the Capitol 
to defend the Constitution. In the Providence of God they were 
there, though when the dates for the Convention were set early in 
January, no one knew of the bills to be presented or the forcing 
of the issue in the Senate. 

Very quiet arrangements had been made for the women of many 
of the churches to meet at the Capitol steps, accompanying the group 
called by the Chairman to appear at the hearing. It was a glorious 
morning of sunshine and cherry blossoms. Groups of women com- 
ing from all directions massed until there were a thousand gathered 
at nine-thirty. Camera and film men were in attendance. Sixty- 
five representatives walked over to the Senate Office Building to 
give testimony, others followed and there was difficulty in getting 
through to the small room, where, after long waiting in the hall, 
they met Senator Walsh, Chairman, Senator Harrold and Senator 
Reed of Missouri, who later assumed the role of cross examiner. 
There was hardly standing room for the witnesses. It might have 
been possible to go into a larger room in that great Capitol and to 
have seated the women, some of them past middle age. Most of 
them stood from 9.30 to 12. Senator Reed in the center, with a 
cigar in his mouth, occupied a comfortable chair and with evident 
enjoyment cross questioned the witnesses, consuming so much time 
that less than half could give their testimony. 

There was no objection to important cross questioning, but hay- 
ing made a point two or three times it seemed unnecessary to con- 
tinue. However, all acted in good humor and good part and the 
Honorable Senator from Missouri, about ten minutes before time 
to adjourn, wearied of his task and left. Perhaps it was worth 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 15 


while to have the enormous propaganda of the hearings, some with 
small foundation, much of it vain repetition, in order to bring the 
women from the convention to the Capitol and allow them to see 
the thing as it should not be done. The dignity and propriety 
which should belong to the Senate of the United States was not 
marked in this hearing. ‘The reporters did their part well, dealing 
fairly, both at the hearing and through the sessions of their con- 
vention. 

We will not attempt to give the report, as it may be obtained in 
full from the Congressional Record of April 12th, which may be 
secured on application. “There were dramatic moments. The 
women were expert leaders in great enterprises, accustomed to 
thinking on their feet, too quick to be misled by catch questions, 
and all convinced of the righteousness of their cause. “There was 
no question about the vast numbers they represented. Presidents 
of great missionary societies, Federations and Councils, Y.W.C.A., 
W.C.T.U., General Federation of Clubs. It was clear that they 
became afhliated nearly four years ago to speak with one voice on 
these questions on which they are in fundamental agreement for 
just this occasion. All were deeply moved as the representative of 
the colored race spoke, a woman of culture, a teacher, President of 
Federation of Clubs for Colored Women, representative of 15,000,- 
000 of her race. She told of the gain to her people from pro- 
hibition, the negro buys a little home, his children are better 
clothed and fed. And she added, “We've got to live beside you, 
we've got to come into your homes and take care of your children. 
You don’t want my people to have liquor so long as we must live 
beside you.” The Fifteenth Amendment, the Eighteenth Amend- 
ment and the Nineteenth Amendment met in that room and knew 
they must live together. 

Monday afternoon at two o'clock the Convention met in the 
Hall of Nations to listen to reports of two of the Commissions, 
Political Assets and Liabilities, Chairman, Mrs. William Harri- 
son Cade, Chicago, and the one on the Legal Situation, by Mrs. 
Herbert J. Gurney of Boston. After discussion and adoption of 
the resolutions the Convention listened to stirring addresses by Hon. 
Grant M. Hudson, Chairman of the Committee on Traffic in 
Alcohol, and Hon. Louis Cramton, whose bill for securing civil 
service standards had just passed. Then followed an address by 
Professor Henry W. Farnam, of Yale, extremely interesting and 
full of valuable information, as his contributions always are. Dr. 
Ellen Potter, from the State Department of Pennsylvania, was 
called to the platform and spoke briefly. 

At five o’clock a group of charming hostesses led by Mrs. Waltate 
Radcliffe, Chairman of the Reception Committee, welcomed the 


delegates at tea. 


16 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


The evening program was held in the First Congregational 
Church and the pastor, Rev. Jason Noble Pierce, led in the open- 
ing service. Honorable Morris Sheppard, United States Senator 
from Texas and author of the Eighteenth Amendment, after an 
ovation from the audience, presented with great eloquence some 
of the weak points in the enemy’s armor. He was followed by 
General Lincoln C. Andrews, Assistant Secretary of the Treas- 
ury, who called on the women to do their part locally while the 
Government endeavored to meet the demands of the Federal law. 
Mr. John Nesbit sang an old song which delighted the audience, 
“The Old Flag That Never Touched the Ground.” 


We've been in many a fix 
Since 1776 
But the old flag never touched the ground. 


Commander Stephen S. Yandell, of the Coast Guard, painted 
a graphic picture of the life of the boys out in the little boats, 
guarding their country from foreign enemies who break our laws, 
and from disloyal, often alien, enemies of our own country. The 
women would like to know why the Congress of the United 
States should hesitate to appropriate the money needed to equip 
these lads with better boats and to make them as comfortable as 
possible in their life of adventure and hardship. Commander 
Yandell disposed of many of the vicious lies which have been 
told by opponents of prohibition and we wonder why a man who 
is defending his Government should be punished as a criminal 
while the real offender brings action against him. 

The final address by William G. Shepherd, of Collier’s, points 
out in a picturesque and interesting way the coming of the Eight- 
eenth and Nineteenth Amendments. Mr. Shepherd is a master 
story teller and believes with all his heart in this work which 
women are trying to do. It was a great evening. 

Tuesday morning, at nine-thirty, Mrs. William ‘Tilton pre- 
sented her commission report on Education which we give in full; 
the addresses by Miss Cora Stoddard, Mrs. George Mathes, Mrs. 
E. C. Cronk, Miss Charl Williams, of the National Education 
Association, and Miss Grace Abbott, of the Children’s Bureau. 
The women listened with intense interest. 

The commission plan has proved to be a very valuable one, not 
merely inspirational addresses, but carefully collected and digested 
facts presented in concise and interesting form, available for use 
and all followed by practical resolutions. 

After special consideration of the children through these ex- 
perts, the message from Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Junior, on 
behalf of the children in the home, which will not be forgotten. 
If we fail, then our children will fail and our country will fail. 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 17 


No one is better qualified than Mrs. Rockefeller to bring the 
“mother’s message’ to a convention like this. 

At 12.45 in a rather raw wind, the group proceeded to the 
White House where President Coolidge received the delegates and 
a picture was taken. The women then hurried back to the Hotel 
to the Allegiance Luncheon, Hall of Nations, to listen to a re- 
markable program which stirred every one, including young 
reporters. One said: “I never in my life heard such an address 
as that of the Attorney General.” Mrs. Harlan Fiske Stone, 
wife of a justice of the Supreme Court, the former Attorney Gen- 
eral, presided charmingly. She could do it with perfect sincerity, 
for unlike some privileged women in Washington, Mrs. Stone 
observes the law. 

After grace by Bishop McDowell and a solo by Mrs. Rose 
Smith Stahl, the great address of the convention was given by the 
Attorney General of the United States, Honorable John Garibaldi 
Sargent. No one can look at the Attorney General and not be- 
lieve in his sincerity and ability. No one could listen to him that 
day without the realization that we have a great man in a great 
office. Over and over as he spoke simply and directly, the stern 
truth, the audience arose to their feet in their approval and appre- 
ciation. This masterly, compelling address was followed by re- 
marks by the much beloved Honorable Mabel Walker Wille- 
brandt, Assistant Attorney General, to whom the women of the 
convention presented a bouquet of roses and sweet peas, with an 
appropriate spray of the flower suggested by Mrs. Willebrandt’s 
effective work—the snapdragon. Mrs. Gifford Pinchot spoke briefly 
but strongly and efficiently on a topic not new to her or to Governor 
Pinchot. 

A patriotic and earnest address by Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook, 
President of the Daughters of the American Revolution, assured 
us that other societies than those actually affliated were standing 
firm for this cause. 


A letter from the Secretary of the Navy, Hon. Curtis D. Wil- 
bur, and a closing message from Vice President Dawes. 


April 13, 1926. 
Dear Mrs. Peabody: 


I may not be able to attend the luncheon of the Women’s National 
Law Enforcement Committee. I am in entire sympathy with the 
purposes of your organization. Without law there can be no govern- 
ment. Without enforcement of law there can be neither law nor 
government. ‘Those who violate law must be either persuaded or 
compelled to observe the law if government is to be preserved. ‘The 
security of our property, our liberty and our lives lies in the en- 
actment and enforcement of laws for their preservation by a gov- 


18 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


ernment strong enough to maintain them, no matter how large or 
powerful or well organized the lawless element may be. Every 
government official is pledged to the preservation of law and order 
and the upholding of the Government. Your codperation is not 
only welcome but extremely helpful. 


Sincerely yours, 
Curtis D. WILBUR. 
My dear Mrs. Peabody: 

Will you kindly convey my greetings and best wishes to the mem- 
bers of the Woman’s National Committee for Law Enforcement 
meeting in their second annual convention. 

Any body or group which has for its purpose the preservation of 
the Constitution and the enforcement of law must have the com- 
mendation of all officials of our Government and of the patriotic 
citizens of our Country. 

In this time when the lack of law observance is so widespread 
it is gratifying to find the women organizing in support of the law 
and the Constitution, and all good citizens wish them success in 
their patriotic work. 

With best regards, I am, 


Very sincerely yours, 
CuHarLes G. Dawes. 


THE WONDERFUL WASHINGTON COMMITTEE 


The Washington Committee was represented by Mrs. William 
L. Darby, its chairman, who brought the report of registration, 
609 delegates representing 26 states. Words fail when we think 
of this Committee with its marvelous record of achievement. There 
could hardly have been a Woman’s National Convention without 
this committee wonderfully organized, a committee with a soul. 
How they worked and with what beautiful results! “The thanks of 
the National Committee and the Convention go to the Washington 
Committee and its Chairman becomes Chairman of the Executive 
Committee of our National Committee—so welding the two groups 
for the future. 


REGISTRATION 


Japan 1, Arkansas 1, California 2, Connecticut 4, Florida 13, 
Georgia 1, Illinois 3, Indiana 1, Kansas 1, Kentucky 1, Maine 1, 
Maryland 45, Massachusetts 10, Michigan 2, Minnesota 1, Missis- 
sippi 1, Missouri 1, New Hampshire 1, New Jersey 37, New York 
44, North Carolina 1, Ohio 6, Pennsylvania 22, Rhode Island 5, 
South Carolina 1, South Dakota 1, Virginia 6. ‘Total 213. Dis- 
trict of Columbia 297, Committee 95. otal registration 605. 
States represented 26. 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 19 


OPENING ADDRESS 


Woman’s NaTIONAL CONVENTION FOR LAw ENFORCEMENT 
Mrs. Henry W. PEasopy, Chairman 
Aprit 11, 1926 


HE Woman’s National Committee for Law Enforcement is an 

affiliation of nine great national organizations of women. It is 
without constitution, by-laws or paid membership. ‘Three years 
ago certain questions of law observance and law enforcement affect- 
ing the home and the school, those departments for which women 
are responsible in large measure, seemed to demand study and ex- 
pression, in order that women generally might not be misled by 
prejudiced and incorrect statements. It was quite clear that ques- 
tions are bound to arise, and it is important that women who agree 
in the main on certain fundamental principles be prepared to speak 
when they find themselves in practical agreement. 

The leaders of the movement are all voluntary workers. There 
are no salaried officers. It is not political, since it includes women 
of both parties. “The Committee finds little to do in the great 
groups of women in the South, or with the thinking women in the 
North and West. Under the leadership of this national group 
State groups have been formed, often securing affiliation of many 
more organizations since certain national organizations like the 
D. A. R. can not affiliate nationally. The state groups, however, 
are free to serve where most needed. ‘The field of operation has 
been New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersy, Maryland, Rhode Is- 
land, Massachusetts, Kentucky, Illinois, and Ohio. The great 
centers of lawlessness are in the large cities and in the States of 
New York and Maryland, which have no State enforcement law, 
without which it is impossible for the Federal Government to work 
efficiently, since the 18th Amendment provides for concurrent action. 


NUMBER OF WOMEN IN ORGANIZATIONS 


We are asked how many women we represent in these codperat- 
ing organizations. Estimating Protestant church women on the 
last church census basis we find more than thirty millions enrolled 
in Protestant churches. ‘The proportion of women members in the 
churches is something over sixty per cent. A moderate estimate, 
then, would be eighteen millions. We eliminate one-third, to be 
generous—women who might possibly not be with us, though we 
have no idea that there could be as many as six million women, or 
one million women in the churches, who would stand against law 
enforcement. We can easily count, then, twelve million women, 


20 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


without duplication, who are included in these church groups. ‘They 
are in the main thinking women and rather above the average in 
intelligence. Among them are the mothers, Sunday School teachers, 
missionary leaders, a large group of school teachers and members of 
the active young people’s organizations. Club women are also church 
women. 


We regret that we can not include in our program women rep- 
resenting the great Roman Catholic Church, many of whom are 
loyal believers in prohibition and are devoted followers of Father 
Mathew, who lives on through the admirable little Catholic paper, 
The Father Mathew Man. A fine cooperative group of Jewish 
women is with us though not affliated in our organization. 


PROHIBITION OR LAW ENFORCEMENT? 


We are also asked whether this is purely a prohibition movement. 
The statement on our letterhead answers this: “THE WOMAN’S 
NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT 
IS TO WORK FOR ENFORCEMENT OF ALL LAW, WITH 
SPECIAL, STRESS,.AD (PRESENT, cON <THE, PROHIBE 
TION “LAW, « EPHE 4FRONT wlODAY? WHERE AHS 
BATTLE AGAINST LAWLESSNESS HAS TO _ BE 
FOUGHT.” Our motto is, Allegiance to the Constitution; Ob- 


servance of Law. ‘To evade the present issue is cowardly. 


In answer to the question, “Why do women care? Why are 
women so generally in favor of the Eighteenth Amendment and a 
strict enforcement of law?” we need only to remind the public that 
women who suffered most from the ravages of the saloon, which 
wrecked homes and husbands and made their boys into beasts, prayed 
for generations in their agony against the saloon. “The Woman’s 
Christian Temperance Union, pioneers in a great cause, worked 
valiantly to help answer those prayers. "The men did the voting, 
but it was in a sense a woman vote that brought the Eighteenth 
Amendment; for liquor and war are Race destroyers and women 
are the conservators of the Race; so the protective instinct in the 
woman will always be back of a certain type of legislation. Women 
will not sit up nights to discuss the tariff or the tax bills. They 
will, however, know their own issue whenever it appears and will 
walk bravely up to meet it. Since in the home respect for law is 
dependent upon a clear understanding that enforcement is bound 
to follow in case of need, we find woman thinking clearly on mat- 
ters concerning law enforcement. ‘The feminine mind agrees with 
Browning in home and state: “I have gone the whole round of 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 2t 


Creation. I spoke as I saw—I report as a man may of God’s work— 
All’s Love; but all’s Law.” 


WILL MEN ENFORCE LAW? 


Our theory is that women are, as a rule, law enforcers in the 
family, father being generally absent or absent-minded. He is in- 
clined to suspend sentence and is ready to repeal the Ten Com- 
mandments if left alone and at bay for a week with a lively family 
of children. It often takes considerable influence to secure proper 
action in the family. Women are not disturbed about the wording 
of the Eighteenth Amendment. ‘They are quite accustomed to lay- 
ing down a law which involves double jeopardy which seems to 
terrify certain citizens. In my own family we were all assured that 
if we were punished justly at school we would get similar con- 
demnation at home. We concede that while fathers in home and 
state are the natural law givers, we are not quite sure that they are 
altogether straight and steady on law enforcement, which condition 
seems to be borne out by the present situation. ‘They need our help. 

Women are not at all discouraged over enforcement of law and 
observance of law. ‘They think in terms of the child and under- 
stand perfectly that a child of six years will not show all the fruits 
of instruction and discipline, so when we are asked if laws based 
on the Eighteenth Amendment can be enforced, we promptly answer, 
“Why, of course, if you will do your part!” Law will not enforce 
itself. It may take ten or twenty years to bring a well disciplined 
boy to the place where he sees the necessity of obedience to law. 
My own small grandson, aged four, not at all in favor of strict en- 
forcement, said to me after his “personal liberty” had been inter- 
fered with: “Is there any place that I can go where no one will tell 
me what to do and what not to do?’ Not even Quebec seemed to 
measure up to this standard, so I said: ‘“‘Yes, there is the jungle. 
No one has to obey there. The animals are wild.” ‘This very little 
boy with a primitive fear of uncaged beasts, after deliberation, said 
firmly: “Well, I will go near the jungle and build me a little house 
and live there alone,’ adding appropriately, “a little red house of 
my own.” ‘This anarchist spirit is not confined to little boys. 

We recently heard with interest of a school boy in a civics exam- 
ination, who in answer to the question, ‘““What are the qualifications 
of a Senator of the United States?’ answered, ‘““A United States 
Senator must be fourteen years old.’’ Most of our Senators, fortu- 
nately, have attained their majority. But during the past weeks 
we have felt that the fourteen year rule in some cases should be 
rigidly enforced. High school order and ethics would prevent some 
of the exhibitions and methods employed in the National Congress 
and State Legislatures. 


22 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


THE SERIOUS OBSTACLE TO ENFORCEMENT 


It is unfortunate that we have in our Democratic form of gov- 
ernment, especially in great cities and certain states, what every 
mother and teacher understands and fears as a demoralizing in- 
fluence—the ‘‘gang spirit.” We recognize this same spirit in the 
corrupt political machine. ‘This machine will do what any real 
self-respecting man would be ashamed to do. It is the machine that 
is making the trouble today. It is under the wrong control. Alco- 
holic control will make trouble with any machine. The Eighteenth 
Amendment attempted to do away with conditions caused by the 
use of alcoholic liquor. Some one has said the most difficult thing 
to fight is a “gainful crime,” which was the power of the whole 
system plus the appetites of men, the legacy of long ages. “The 
liquor trade is still fighting for control. ‘There is that taint in the 
blood in most families due to this ancient custom. It appears now 
and then, taking not the deficient but the best. Great men often 
have fallen. “They seem powerless to resist, and under an excuse of 
personal liberty break the law, in some cases which they are under 
oath to enforce. Women, too, can be found, of the law breaking 
type—not the best example for young women in this recently lib- 
erated and liberalizing age. Is this a Lawless Age? Not per- 
manently. Youth is always restive under control. We can not 
blame the situation entirely to the Eighteenth Amendment and laws 
based thereon. ‘The following reasons have much to do with the 
disregard for law in the younger and older generation: 


1. An increasingly complex civilization. 

2. Congestion of our great cities, often very largely made up of 
aliens or children of aliens who have no American ideals or loyalties. 

3. The vast increase of wealth and luxury in contrast to the situ- 
ation in our own youth and childhood. ‘The idle rich are no longer 
idle! they find abundant and hectic occupation in extravagant enter- 
tainment, perilously near lawlessness. 

4. A shocking situation is brought about by the same demand 
for excitement and pleasure on the part of those who have not 
wealth but find entertainment in vicious drama, dangerous films, 
and evil literature which is liberally provided and indicates a de- 
liberate attempt to break down decency and morals and incite to 
depravity. 

5. The automobile, which has become a part of our daily ex- 
istence, makes it possible for young people and old to cut loose from 
restraint and while no one suggests the nullification or modification 
of the automobile and traffic laws, it has brought with it new types 
of law breaking. 

6. The after-war psychology is responsible not only in America 
but in countries which have no Eighteenth Amendment, for serious 
conditions of revolution. All wars present serious after-problems 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 23 


and have fostered not a peaceful but a revolutionary spirit. We are 
watching this in Europe and Asia. 

In this favored country, the United States, where there is no 
oppression, where everything is prosperous and the working man has 
his opportunity, the only thing we can find as cause for revolution 
seems to lie in the great social experiment which came as a result 
of sordid and shocking criminal conditions brought about by the 
saloon. 

7. The strange attitude of certain of the privileged class who 
demand personal liberty as opposed to National Loyalty. 

These are a few of the reasons which are the cause of a minority 
revolt. We are assured that the men who formerly supported the 
saloon and made fortunes from it, would, on no account, bring it 
back. They only ask for nullification of the Eighteenth Amend- 
ment and a modification of the Volstead Act to allow the manufac- 
ture and trade in wine and beer. We are not told just what they 
would call the places where these liquors would be dispensed, nor 
how it would be possible to regulate such sales. On no account, 
they state with wet tears, would they be called saloons. Liquor, 
must, however, be sold under license or freely dispensed from any 
drug store, soda fountain or grocery store. 2.75 beer may not be 
intoxicating to the anti-prohibition groups but it is very dangerous 
as a habit forming drink for boys and girls or for most members of 
the Woman’s National Committee for Law Enforcement. 

We are told again daily through our press that the plan adopted 
in Canada is ideal. Access to the Canadia press is not difficult. 
The Montreal Witness on the ground, stated recently that under 
the Canadian plan there are one thousand or more illicit liquor 
selling places in Montreal. The same copy of the Montreal Witness 
bears pathetic testimony from a Catholic Priest who pleads for 
relief from the wave of drunkenness, which under this model Cana- 
dian law is sweeping over his parish in Quebec. 


THE PERSISTENT PAID PROPAGANDA 


That there is a serious situation we do not deny; but we believe 
that the propaganda of politicians and liberalists in certain great 
city papers and magazines and the recent agitation in Congress are 
responsible for a loss of authority in the nation. We do not how- 
ever find our great groups of good Christian church people, Bible 
classes, young peoples’ organizations, leagues and guilds carrying 
hip flasks. That is confined to a comparatively small group, and 
we must remember as Mrs. Tilton has said, “It takes a great many 
hip flasks to make a saloon.” We shall learn to gear on to the 
machinery of government by a better understanding of the situation 
which we hope this convention will help to bring and through the 
right sort of leadership which women can furnish. 


24 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


The question is also asked, are women assuming responsibility at 
the primaries and polls? It has been disappointing to those who 
worked so long and bravely for suffrage to find that women have not 
improved at all on the record of men, even though the League of 
Women Voters has done much good work along this line. We be- 
lieve that what is needed to bring the women to a sense of a citi- 
zen’s responsibility is a moral issue. ‘This issue has arrived. We 
did not raise it but we shall be ready to meet it; and with the work 
that can be done by great volunteer groups of women enlisted for 
definite action in favor of strict allegiance to the Constitution, ob- 
servance of law, enforcement of law—right will win! Mrs. Tilton 
has also pointed out that the Constitution itself required many 
years to become more than a plan on paper. It was accepted in 
1787; Washington died in 1799 with little hope that it could ever 
be put into effect. John Marshall died in 1835, hopeless that “we 
should ever become a nation.” ‘The Constitution has met attack 
before, and will survive when the men who have made personal 
liberty rather than national loyalty their aim, have passed into ob- 
livion. As we have heard the clamor, the shouting and the tumult, 
the talk and the filibustering of our statesmen, we keep in mind the 
gentle feminine policy settled ages ago, to accept cheerfully the last 
word, which will, we believe, take form in the woman’s vote, on 
this and all other issues which challenge women. If things are 
really as bad as they tell us and if only wine and beer will prevent 
the fall of the nation and degeneracy of the people, then women 
are called immediately to their special task at this season—house 
cleaning. 


THE GERM THEORY IN POLITICS 


Mother will function in the government—local, state and na- 
tional, as she does in the home. It is coming on now, that spring 
fever, and every woman is planning to clean and “re-decorate.”’ . No 
man can withstand it and the Man with a Hoe has little chance 
with the woman with the broom or the vacuum cleaner. A young 
father complained of the germ theory which affected the happiness 
of his home saying that his wife sterilized the door knobs. There 
are microbes in the political machine that need immediate attention, 
antiseptic treatment. 


THE POWER OF ORGANIZATION 


Can women work together? Women have learned organization 
through the missionary societies, clubs, and educational groups. 
‘They have time when a real war comes. In 1916-1918 man meekly 
ate what was set before him asking no questions for conservation’s 
sake. We hung our principles in the windows then. Personal lib- 
erty meant slackers and disloyalty. ‘There are timid women today 

e 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 25 


who believe but are afraid to stand for what they think an un- 
popular cause. The only cure for an unpopular cause is to make 
it popular. A few shrinking husbands prefer that law be broken 
rather than to allow their wives ‘‘Personal Liberty,” in this cause. 


THE BRIGHT AREA 


Fortunately, law breaking is not so widespread as our politicians 
would make us believe. Out in Washington State where a woman 
mayor does municipal house cleaning, my son writes to his militant 
mother, “Do not work too hard. It is bound to come. Out here 
the matter is settled. We send the right men to Washington. My 
boy who is in his third year of high school never saw a saloon nor 
a drunken man. Hip flasks are not in style here.” 

The present agitation in Congress taking form in this hearing is 
an indication that women in certain states must wake up, and the 
other states must stand by, for the principle of Federal Government 
is involved. It is significant that twenty-six of the Congressmen 
opposed to prohibition are from the State of New York. ‘The leaders 
in the hearing this week are from Maryland and New Jersey.. They 
have brought their bills for the amendment of the Eighteenth Amend- 
ment and modification of the Volstead Act, and their women under- 
stand perfectly the situation and are increasing the strength of their 
state groups for law enforcement. The women of New York will 
never let the “Sidewalks of New York” eighty per cent foreign born 
aliens and children of aliens from wine making countries, legislate 
even for the State of New York, certainly not for the nation. 


THE MARCH IN MASSACHUSETTS 


In Massachusetts, a great industrial state, it came to a test. The 
Liberty League group secured repeal of the state enforcement law 
by more than 100,000 majority. “Iwo years later it came up again. 
Great sums of money were spent, enormous propaganda was launched, 
misrepresentations were broadcast; the press of the great cities as 
usual were halfheartedly with the Drys or wholeheartedly against 
them. So the women marched. ‘The Woman’s Christian Temper- 
ance Union asked the law enforcement groups to join, and all to- 
gether five thousand strong, the women of all organizations marched 
in Boston. ‘Three days before the march, arranged for Saturday, 
the mayor declared it must stop. However with permits in hand 
and a fair minded Chamber of Commerce the women marched as 
planned to the State House to take the oath of allegiance and then 
to the Old South Forum where so many historic battles have been 
fought for Freedom, Justice and Righteousness. ‘The following 
Tuesday, in spite of the fact that the women spent no money, a 


26 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


majority rolled up for state enforcement law of nearly ten thousand. 
Not a great majority but it overturned more than 100,000 and it 
disproved threats and discouraged men who had devoted themselves 
to the defeat of that law. The women of California marched for 
the Wright Enforcement Bill, led by that great patriot, Kathleen 
Norris, and won. 


CALIFORNIA SESSION, SAN FRANCISCO 


While we meet here today the most significant thing of this con- 
vention is that same Committee of Five Thousand in California 
holding a simultaneous convention in San Francisco. ‘They are 
paralleling for three days our program here, our reports of com- 
missions, resolutions, prayer services, addresses. When the sugges- 
tion was wired on from California we notified other states and they 
became interested, the women of Ohio at the call of the wife of the 
Governor over the radio and with the fine leadership of our State 
Chairman, Mrs. Alexander, meet all day in the Senate Chamber of 
the Capitol. Charleston, West Virginia, has a similar meeting, at 
which the Governor speaks. ‘Today as we meet here we do not meet 
alone; the women of the nation are meeting in prayer and in prepara- 
tion of their protest against further attempt to break down the Con- 
stitution and laws, which were voted by a great majority and are en- 
tirely justified wherever they have had a fair chance. In thousands 
of cities and towns and villages women are listening this afternoon 
to the report of the church women’s commission, to the address 
given for this convention by Reverend S. Parkes Cadman, President 
of the Federal Council of Churches, and Reverend Daniel Poling, 
President of the Young Peoples Society of Christian Endeavor, 
broadcast over the New York radio. ‘Tonight we shall have a great 
national prayer meeting in the Hall of Nations, led by Mrs. Robert 
E. Speer, President of the Young Woman’s Christian Association, 
and tomorrow morning—by Divine leading, we shall appear at 
the hearing. No one dreamed three months ago that we would have 
to meet the situation we are meeting. In the providence of God we 
are here to do our part as the women of the nation and to meet this 
issue. “The convention will adjourn and the various groups repre- 
senting organizations, states and great causes will go to the capitol. 
For the first time in the history of the United States women are 
needed at the capitol to defend the Constitution and its laws. ‘The 
women of the great southern Methodist denomination, meeting in 
their convention at Raleigh, North Carolina, March 16, passed the 
following resolution: 

Resolved, that we unite with the Woman’s National Committee 
for Law Enforcement in its Convention to be held April 11th-13th, 
in Washington, D. C., through accredited delegates from as many 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 27 


states as possible and that we take the initiative in all states in call- 
ing simultaneous conventions of women for law enforcement. More 
than thirty states are uniting through their efforts. 

Air mail makes it possible to duplicate our programs. 


WHAT SHOULD THIS CONVENTION MEAN? 


We hope that much will come to you who are present in the 
reports of the commissions which have been so very carefully studied 
by each chairman and her commission and that you will use the 
report to be issued at once. We shall hear from the Government 
leaders. We realize that it has been a difficult task to adjust a great 
new law to new and difficult conditions. Let us uphold them in 
every wise effort and report to them all men who are disloyal and 
inefficient. We can be careful to observe law! to allow no ridicule 
of the Constitution, and we can work to elect good men and loyal 
to represent us in state and nation. 


OUR PLATFORM 


We are glad to state our platform as concisely as possible through 
our Patriotic Political Precepts, a set of fifteen posters. 

The test of each party from now on until the question is thor- 
oughly settled, never to be raised again, will be its record on law 
enforcement. Men have chosen to raise the question of the Con- 
stitution and its laws. It must be settled, not by newspaper polls 
nor by harangue or propaganda but by the sane judgment and quick 
action of the majority of the thinking people. ‘This is the test of 
the party. 

The test of the women will be their willingness for the sake of 
children and grandchildren and the welfare of this great Republic 
to assume their full responsibility as citizens, carrying into every 
department of life, Allegiance to the Constitution—Observance of 
Law and registering their principles at the ballot box. 

We shall meet on Tuesday, on the birthday of Thomas Jefferson, 
when we shall add our tribute to that of another group meeting in 
Washington to the great man who wrought so wisely in the Con- 
stitution. The principles of Jefferson are especially needed at this 
moment when in the interest of a little group of misguided men 
the cry is raised of States Rights with bitter opposition to so-called 
Federal interference—that is, intereference with their personal lib- 
erty as opposed to the Constitution. Andrew Jackson uttered on 
Jefferson’s birthday in 1829 words which routed disloyal men and 
selfish politicians as he presented his toast at the Jefferson Dinner, 
“The Federal Constitution—it must be preserved!” 

Hear Jefferson, New York, Maryland and New Jersey: “Absolute 
acquiescence in the decisions of the majority the vital principle of 


republics.” 


28 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


“T believe this the strongest government on earth. I believe it 
the only one where every man at the call of the Law would fly to 
the Standard of the Law and would meet invasions of the public 
order as his own personal concern. 

“Let us then with courage and confidence pursue our own Fed- 
eral and Republican principles, our attachment to union and repre- 
sentative government.” 

Let any outlaw states, “those which have not provided laws for , 
the protection of their people,” see to it that they fall in line with 
the Constitution and the Federal Government, enact state enforce- 
ment laws, and cease to make impossible conditions, only to argue 
speciously from those conditions that our laws can not be enforced 
—therefore cancel the laws. Every mother and teacher knows the 
peril of such a policy. The task today, yours and mine, is not to 
destroy the Constitution but to make our Democracy safe for the 
Constitution and all its laws. 

The task of our Government is to enforce its laws through men 
who are true to their oath of office in nation and in states; promptly 
removing any who are failing or who declare that the laws cannot 
be enforced arguing that they should therefore be repealed. 

Half the voting citizens of this country are women. We ask that 
the women be fairly represented in this cause, suggesting that this 
will “form a more perfect union, establish justice and insure domestic 
tranquility.” 


NATIONAL PRAYER SERVICE 
Conducted by Mrs. ROBERT E. SPEER 


[The National Prayer Service was convened in the Hall of Nations of 
the Hotel Washington on Sunday evening, April 11, at seven o’clock, with 
Mrs. Robert E. Speer presiding. ] 


Brey a doubt the action that calls us together and the cause 
in which we are met is one of the great causes of our nation; 
and if we are to meet it, it must be with girt loins and lights 
trimmed and burning. Word after word of our Lord comes back 
to us as we think of the things we must do, the first disciplines to 
which we must subject ourselves if the nation is to meet this su- 
preme test of discipline. 

In the end of the last century, wise voices spoke of a moral sub- 
stitute for war. ‘The great challenge of a moral substitute! And 
our nation must meet in quiet ways, within the next few years, a 
crisis Just as great as the crisis met and faced in the sixties; but it 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 29 


must be met in a wholly different way, with those quiet forces 
which we know to be the strongest; just as in nature the forces of 
water seeping through the rock and the quiet forces of frost through- 
out the winter are sufficient to break down the strongest resistance, 
to break down the sides of mountains, and to bring about changes 
that would be inconceivable in any other way. 

If we are to have a law-abiding nation, we must have a law- 
loving nation. And as women all know, we cannot have within our 
own households obedience to the rules of the household unless those 
rules are understood, and unless those rules are loved by the mem- 
bers of the household; then there comes harmony. 

We sometimes talk of law making and of law discovering as if 
we could make or discover laws. But all true laws were made 
when the morning stars sang together, and when the Creator first 
put this universe in its place. 

“The law of the Lord is perfect, converting the soul,” and the 
laws of God were made, as the New ‘Testament teaches us so 
clearly, not for the repression of the human spirit, but for the 
enhancement of life. And the law of love in Christ Jesus is the 
law that, as Christian women, we are anxious to see taking its hold 
on the life of our nation. 

A friend told me once of a great moment in his life, when as a 
young man he stood with his best friend who later was to become 
one of the best known men in the English-speaking world, then a 
young student in Edinburgh University—Henry Drummond; and 
he stood with Drummond on the parapet around Edinburgh Castle, 
looking up at the stars and down at the lights of the city beneath 
them. And he and Drummond talked together then, under the 
starlight, of those things which afterwards made Drummond famous 
as he wrote and spoke about them to the English-speaking world. 
And together that night there came to them, for the first time, the 
realization that there was one law for the whole of God’s uni- 
verse,—one law for the uttermost stars; that there was no division 
between the laws of the outer world that we could touch and see 
and handle, and the laws of the spiritual world; that unity was the 
law of the land. And this great test that we believe, in the provi- 
dence of God, our nation can meet, through His strength, if we 
are to meet it, it must be through the leaven of prayer, through the 
leaven of love, through the leaven of faith in our fellow men, faith 
in one another, and faith that eventually, out of this struggle— 
for the law of life is struggle, the blades of grass have to struggle; 
the law of life is struggle— God’s purposes are to be achieved. 
These laws hold throughout the universe. 

Last Sunday I heard a man quote one of his friends, an intimate 
friend who is the outstanding physicist in the United States, and 
he spoke of the way all the discoveries of science, the greatest dis- 
coveries of science today, confirm that word in the New Testament 


30 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


that the universe is ready to give according to our need; science 
confirming our Lord’s word that if we ask we shall receive, if we 
seek we shall find,. and if we knock it shall be opened unto us. But 
we must obey, in the secret places of our own natures,’ these laws, 
if we want their fulfillment in their outer aspects in this country 
of ours. “This kind goeth not out but by prayer and fasting.” 
We must cleanse our hearts; we must look to our own thoughts; 
we must ask ourselves whether, in our thoughts about others we 
‘are fulfilling the laws of God, so that we can ask the fulfillment 
of them in the government of our nation. It’s a very solemn thing 
to which we set ourselves; it’s a very great task. 

The law of life in Christ Jesus holds in its great unities all the 
rules and laws by which human society must be bound together; 
and we believe that it is primarily the business of women to work 
out those laws within our own homes, and then increasingly to see 
that those laws are the ones that are applied between groups as 
well as between nations. 

It may seem that there is no selfish connection between this strug- 
gle for a great moral restraint on the part cf our nation and the 
struggle to do away with the curse of the hour. But I believe 
that out of sight, and in the ways we cannot visibly see, it is 
all a part of one great struggle, and that as we set our hands to the 
self-cleansing, to the purification necessary of our own hearts and 
our own thoughts and our own groups, as we set ourselves to the 
most disciplinary of all processes, the discipline involved in the use 
of that greatest of all forces, the force of prayer, I believe we can 
work for these greatest of causes in doing away with not one but 
two of the greatest curses of the children of God on earth. 

It’s a great word of Shakespeare’s that you will remember in 
Hamlet, where the king, feeling some compunctions for the things 
he has done, tries to pray, and realizes that his words only are 
flying up, that his thoughts remain behind. Now may God help 
us as we spend this next half hour in prayer, to have it prayer so 
true that not our words only but our thoughts fly upward, because 
words without thoughts cannot reach the heart of God. Let us 
spend this time in true prayer, with quietness of spirit, listening to 
the voice of God, giving expression to such words of prayer as His 
spirit may move us to; but remembering that from everlasting to 
everlasting He is God, that if we go to Him as His children in true 
faith, He will help us so to cleanse our hearts that we may be vessels 
fit for the carrying out of His great purposes. Let us pray. 

Prayer: Our Father, once more still our minds, and help us 
through this night so to increase our faith in Thee that we may 
know that Thy power is limitless; to have that same faith in Thee 
that has brought Thy kingdom to its present point, and that will 
carry it far beyond anything that we can imagine, in righteousness, 
in truth, and beauty. 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 31 


Oh, God, pour out Thy spirit upon us here and now, and upon 
all our thoughts and all those who are one with us in this mighty 
intercession throughout the country. And may the beauty of the 
Lord, our God, be upon us through these coming days. 

Let us close this hour of worship and of prayer with the words of 
the nineteenth Psalm, in which that great transition is made from 
the observation and study of the national law in the outer world to 
the inner laws of the spirit and of righteousness. 

(Benediction): And may the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ 
be with us all. Amen. 


RESOLUTIONS OF COMMISSION ON 
CHURCH AND LAW ENFORCEMENT 


Mrs. FRED S. BENNETT 
Council of Women for Home Missions 


Bees that the church of God lives that men may through 
united worship, prayer and service strengthen and encourage 
each other and serve their neighbors, their community, their country 
and the world, and that justice and righteousness are inseparable 
from the worship of a just and righteous God, and 

BELIEVING that the church of God is pledged to an unceasing 
program of service whose foundations and bulwarks must be the 
teaching and preaching of moral and spiritual rightness based on 
the word of God, and 

BELIEVING that the loss of National ideals and leadership due to 
the present laxity of moral restraint and the careless disregard of 
the laws of the land call for thoughtful and immediate attention, it is 

1. Resotvep: That we as women of many creeds urge upon the 
churches of the United States that they keep before their congrega- 
tions the serious peril to the security of this land that lies in the 
disrespect for and violation of its laws both by citizens and by of- 
ficials elected to uphold these laws. 

2. ResoLvep: That we urge church members to emphasize par- 
ticularly the peril to young people in such a condition and the need 
of systematically and carefully teaching to the young people associ- 
ated with them that sound religion, high morality, and intense fidel- 
ity to law are necessary for the processes of constitutional government. 

3. ResoLvep: That we urge pastors to call upon their members, 
both men and women, to uphold the laws of the land and to set 


thus an example of respect for these laws. 


32 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


4. Reso_vep: That we urge pastors and people alike that they 
make such clear and frequent presentation of the facts relating to 
Law Enforcement as shall keep the public conscience aroused until 
the power of public opinion shall compel better enforcement of 
the laws. 

5. Resotvep: That we urge all church people to emphasize the 
human and social values of the great national Prohibition Move- 
ment remembering that the Prohibition Amendment was approved 
by the people after mature judgment based upon the realization 
that the liquor traffic had become an intolerable menace. 

6. Resotvep: That we call upon the great body of 47,000,000 
church members to seek for the election of legislators, local officials 
and executive officers pledged to the enforcement of laws and the 
strict upholding of the Constitution of the land. 


Mrs. Frep S. BennettT, Chairman 


Miss Margaret E. Hodge 
New York City 

Mrs. John H. Finley 
New York City 

Mrs. Roswell Miller 
New York City 

Mrs. H. H. Seldomridge 
Colorado Springs, Colorado 

Mrs. Henry Sloane Coffin 
New York City 

Mrs. Paul Raymond 
San Francisco, Calif. 

Mrs. W. J. Darby 
Washington, D. C. 

Mrs. Edwin M. Bulkley 
New York City 

Mrs. E. H. Silverthorn 
New York City 

Mrs. May Leonard Woodruft 
Allendale, New Jersey 

Mrs. William F. McDowell 
Washington, D. C. 

Mrs. Wilbur P. Thirkield 
Cambridge, Mass. 

Mrs. Thomas Nicholson 
Detroit, Mich. 

Mrs. W. J. Gruhler 
Germantown, Pa. 

Mrs. Joshua Hale 
Providence, R. I. 

Mrs. John Ferguson 
New York City 

Mrs. Ernest A. Evans 
New York City 

Mrs. P. N. Rossman 
New York City 

Mrs. Franklin Warner 
White Plains, N. Y. 


Mrs. Talmadge Root 
Boston, Mass. 

Mrs. E. M. Bowman 
New York City 

Mrs. J. M. Stearns 
St. Louis, Mo. 

Mrs. Lee Britt 
Suffolk, Va. 

Mrs. F. F. Stephens 
Columbia, Mo. 

Mrs. Harmon C. Remmell 
Little Rock, Ark. 

Mrs. DeWitt Knox 
New York City 

Mrs. William Bancroft Hill 
Poughkeepsie, New York 

Mrs. W. C. Lotts 
Allentown, Pennsylvania 

Mrs. John W. Lowe 
Baltimore, Maryland 


‘Mrs. Edwin W. Lentz 


Bangor, Penna. 

Mrs. George W. Coleman 
Boston, Mass. 

Mrs. Herbert Goodman 
Chicago 

Mrs. William Alexander 
Columbus, Ohio 

Mrs. Edgar Burton 
Moscow, Idaho 

Mrs. William A. Montgomery 
Rochester, New York 

Mrs. Samuel Thorne 
Harrison, New York 

Mrs. Alexander T. London 
Birmingham, Alabama 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 33 


LAW OBSERVANCE IN THE HOME 


Mrs. JOHN D. SHERMAN 
President General Federation of Woman's Clubs 


Pee burden of our nation’s civilization, its welfare and prosperity 
will be borne by the boys and girls of today when they attain 
manhood and womanhood. The responsibility of fitting them to 
carry this burden rests upon the mothers and fathers of today. 

On this occasion of the Law Observance Conference our Com- 
mission make an earnest appeal to parents for the sake of the future 
of the nation to bring up the children in the home to be worthy of 
the great United States of America. 

The problems of citizenship are daily becoming more difficult of 
solution. Obedience to law, spiritual as well as that made by man, 
offers the solution of these problems and is essential to the morality 
of our citizens. 

Obedience to the rules of the home and family relation is for 
children the beginning of the observance of law by them as adult 
citizens in their community and their nation. 

What takes place behind the scenes in our homes affects for good 
or for ill the community in which we live. No matter what regu- 
lations or laws governing our corporate life are enacted, they can 
only become operative insofar as the individual home codperates in 
their observance. 

In this connection, I want to emphasize the demoralizing effect 
on children when they daily witness the violation of law by their 
parents. “The Volstead Act is a good illustration. How can we 
expect children to see any need for obeying the laws of the country 
when their parents flagrantly disregard the 18th Amendment. 

Parents will not stop disregarding the laws of the land as long 
as they lack a deep moral and spiritual conviction — and until they 
observe restraints — and openly show reverence for the sacred things 
of life. When this is done in the home life of the family it will 
soon be reflected in the life of the nation. 

I should like to see a campaign of education for law observance, 
especially in the homes and schools, until all the American people 
acquire a wholesome respect and regard for the laws of the land 
and obey them. With law observance the problems of law enforce- 
ment will be a simple matter. 

The General Federation of Women’s Clubs in collaboration with 
the Character Education Institute has prepared a leaflet on Home 
Citizenship Education, which embodies the real object for which 
woman’s clubs are organized, raising the standard of living by way 
of the individual home. It is an appeal to parents for character 


34 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


education of children in the home as a basis for citizenship in the 
nation. It gives the ten basic characteristics of character education 
of children in the home. It also includes a summary of the eleven 
great laws of right in the child’s moral code of civilization. The 
leaflet also sets forth the views of the Federation on the subject of 
home inheritance of character. We believe there is a home in- 
heritance of character as well as a physical inheritance. 

A member of our commission, Doctor Clara B. Burdette of Cal- 
ifornia says: ““Home Training for Law Observance must begin as 
soon as the home is established by the potential parent, and must 
begin with the observance of the requirement of the ten command- 
ments — omitting none of them. 

“This might well be the beginning and the end of law observance 
for the commandments cover all danger points of life’s righteous 
fulfillment. 

“Tf this becomes the habit of the home — the family, the children 
will acquire training by daily observation. 

“There is little hope of home training being effective unless the 
parents are themselves law-abiding citizens. 

“Their first duty as good citizens is, first to know the laws that 
relate to moral living, then observe them, and so justify their in- 
sistence in the family doing the same.” 

Personally, I am in full sympathy with Mrs. Burdette’s views. 
In addition, I believe the golden rule should be the law of every 
household and if this law were respected and lived up to by the 
father and mother, the children would soon respond to its influence. 

Honest dealing with children is just as important as honest deal- 
ing in the business world, in fact, it is even more important than are 
laws for the punishment of dishonest dealings in the business world. 
All the laws and all the law enactment in the world will not elimi- 
nate crime so long as dishonesty and unfair play is practiced in the 
home between parents and their children. And in this connection 
we must bear in mind that honesty does not end with the test as to 
whether or not a person will take a material thing to which he has 
no right, there is another kind of honesty based upon a higher law 
although it is less tangible perhaps, the breaking of it is very real and 
even more demoralizing in its effect. Honesty, sincerity and truth- 
fulness are vital characteristics to be developed in every child. To 
accomplish this it is essential to develop a conscience in our children 
— first making sure that we possess a conscience ourselves — for our 
conscience is God speaking through us and it establishes a basis for 
right living, right thinking and right relations with our fellow 
beings. 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 35 


REPORT OF COMMISSION ON PROHIBI- 
TION JUSTIFIED BY HEALTH, MORALS, 
AND ECONOMICS 
Mrs. ELLA BOOLE 


President Woman's Christian Temperance Union 


INigae sae PROHIBITION opened a new era in our Government’s 
relation to the liquor traffic and its success depends on the 
spirit with which the American people undertake the task of making 
it effective. 

It came after many methods of dealing with the drink habit and 
the drink traffic had been tried, among them pledge-signing, the 
reformation of the drunkard, no-license and local option campaigns, 
high-license and statewide prohibition, but the organized liquor 
traffic, limitation of territory and human weakness prevented the 
success all these efforts deserved. Every step of the way, however, 
was opposed then as now by moderationists, the immoderate drinker 
and those financially interested in the liquor traffic. 

Perhaps the largest contributing factor to the coming of National 
Prohibition was the teaching of the effects of alcohol in public 
schools in connection with physiology and hygiene. 

The real nature of alcohol as a narcotic poison, small quantities of 
which create the appetite for more, became known through this 
education. ‘Thirty-three states were dry by legislative enactment 
or Constitutional Prohibition, large districts, cities, towns and 
counties dry by local option, and the conviction had grown that the 
only satisfactory solution was through National Prohibition provided 
for under the Constitution which would establish the same standard 
of dealing with the liquor traffic all over the country. Experience 
had shown that every bit of wet territory interfered with that 
which was dry. 

The entrance into the World War called attention to the fact 
that the use of alcoholic liquors was injurious to health, a hindrance 
to discipline, a source of immorality, and a waste of money. National 
Prohibition came after due consideration, after many methods of 
dealing with the drink habit and the drink traffic had been tried, and 
came in accordance with the provision for Constitution changes. 
It came at the close of the war when after the stern discipline and 
sacrifice of war days the pendulum was bound to swing in the other 
direction. It came when there were many National problems to 
be solved. At first the opposition cried “Unconstitutional” but the 
Supreme Court decided it had been adopted in the manner prescribed. 
The Volstead Act was then attacked but again the highest tribunal 


36 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


of the country decided that Congress was within its rights in pass- 
ing the Volstead Act and has not exceeded its authority in defining 
intoxicating liquors as those containing more than one-half of one 
per cent of alcohol. ‘The amendment had provided for concurrent 
power on the part of the states in law enforcement but a few 
states, notably Maryland and New York, refused to concur. 

Enforcement has never had a fair trial. Political patronage, 
leakage through the Permit System, connivance at the violation of 
law, and spread of the propaganda that it is not obligatory to obey 
a law unless you believe in it, and to the effect that the responsibility 
for the enforcement of law rested with the officers alone, when it 
should be shared by the individual citizen, have materially hindered 
the work of enforcement, all this with the result that America has 
not derived from prohibition what it would have derived had all 
the people observed the law and had there been hearty codperation 
of the press and the people. Please notice that the proponents for 
modification are not the ones who have worked to make prohibition 
a success. “They are the same group that opposed prohibition every 
step of the way. “They have been its opponents since its adoption. 

It is not easy to get at the facts about the effect of prohibition on 
health, morals and economics because they are interwoven with other 
causes and partial statistics may be misleading, but the elimination 
of a preventable cause of poverty, crime, tuberculosis, the diseases 
of middle life, unhappy homes and financial depression brings re- 
sults insofar as the law is observed and enforced. 

The first immediate result of prohibition was a change in the 
status of the open saloon. Have we forgotten what it was? It was 
the center of degeneracy in every community, the center for the 
assembling of the worst element of society. It wasted money until 
the drink bill of the nation amounted to two billions of dollars. It 
violated every law framed for its control. The sale of liquors was 
prohibited on Sunday but often the front door as well as the back 
door was open all day and the refusal to obey law resulted in the 
demand for the legal right to sell on Sunday. ‘The sale of liquors 
to habitual drunkards was prohibited but that law, too, was violated. 
The sale of liquors to minors was prohibited but it is within the 
memory of many of us that in the City of New York children were 
sent to the saloon for drink for their parents. Its hours were long 
and many a working man left the larger part of his earnings while 
his family did without. His children feared his return. His wife 
was robbed of her right to a happy home. Liquors were served at 
all public banquets and the man who refused a drink was the ex- 
ception. Drinking was common at football games and in college 
circles. 

The sale of intoxicating liquors was legal and the seller had the 
sanction of the government. There were 507 distilleries producing 


268,000,000 gallons of distilled liquors (130,000,000 gallons made 


‘ 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION Se 


into whiskey) and 1300 breweries producing 2,000,000,000 gallons 
of beer. Now 400 cereal beverage manufacturers are making 160,- 
000,000 gallons of near beer. Suppose all this near beer is in 
reality real beer. Who is supplying the other 1,840,000,000 gallons 
of beer that Americans used to drink? 

The closing of the open saloon with its doors swinging both ways, 
an ever present invitation for all to drink, men, women and 
boys, is an outstanding fact and no one wants it to return. It has 
resulted in better National health, children are born under better 
conditions, homes are better and the mother is delivered from the 
fear of a drunken husband. ‘There is better food. Savings Banks 
deposits have increased, and many a man has a bank account today 
who had none in the days of the saloon. ‘The increase in home- 
owning is another evidence that money wasted in drink is now used 
for the benefit of the family. Improved living conditions are notice- 
able in our former slum districts. ‘The Bowery and Hell’s Kitchen 
are transformed. Safety First campaigns on railroads and in the 
presence of the increasing number of automobiles are greatly strength- 
ened by prohibition. 

The prohibition law is not the only law that is violated. Traffic 
laws, anti-smuggling laws as well as the Volstead Act are held in 
contempt. It is the spirit of the age. 

Life Insurance Companies have long known that. drinkers were 
poor risks but they recognize the fact that prohibition has removed a 
preventable cause of great financial loss to them. 

The wonderful advances in mechanics in the application of elec- 
tricity and in transportation demand brains free from: the fumes of 
alcohol, hence law enforcement and law observance contribute to 
this progress. 

Prohibition imperfectly enforced has made a wonderful contribu- 
tion to health, morals and economics. 

It is constructive conservation of life, health, effective service, 
happiness, nobility, money and morals in so far as they are affected 
by alcoholic beverages. That its results are beneficial we call atten- 
tion to the following testimony: 

“Why try to tell the Salvation Army that the park benches are 
crowded with drunken men as they were before prohibition when 
we used to gather them in on Thanksgiving Day for example, 
and fight to salvage them? They are gone. The benches still 
remain, but the occupants are not drunk any more and are climb- 
ing upward to better things while the public rushes by all unheed- 
ing. .Why try to tell us that workingmen spend their wages 
before their families can get the money for food, and that men 
beat their wives and children as in the old days? It simply is not 
the case.” — EVANGELINE BooruH. 

“The economic and health returns, in terms of lives and self- 
support, appear to me to justify the great social experiment to 


38 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


which the country by unmistakable majorities has committed it- 
self.” — Haven Emerson, M.D., College of Physicians and 
Surgeons. 


“T believe to any fair-minded person it would be a self-evident 
fact that train operation could not be made safe if employes were 
permitted to use intoxicating beverages.’ — CHARLES DONNELLY, 
President Northern Pacific Railroad. 


“With 2700 students on the ground, we do not have nearly so 
much trouble as we did twelve or fourteen years ago, with from 
five to seven hundred students. Of course the fight must be 
waged against the everpresent bootlegger, but the fact that a boy 
now and then gets drunk amounts to nothing as compared with 
the fact that we are not making drunkards daily.” — FRANK B. 
Trotrer, President West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. 
Va. 

“With the great number of automobiles that have been intro- 
duced into this country in the last three years, with the licensed sa- 
loon in existence, the danger to life would be greatly increased. 

“As regards the lawlessness that has prevailed since the close of 
the war, it is just what may be expected after a war such as we were 
engaged in. We had the same trouble after the Civil War, probably 


more so in the South.”—A. D. REyNo.ps, Manufacturer, Bristol, 
Tenn. 


“Ask the millions of happy beneficiaries of the prohibitory law— 
who are not saying much just now—whether it is a failure. Ask the 
wives, mothers and children in millions of homes. Ask any group 
of orderly and self-respecting people anywhere. Ask the savings 
banks, insurance companies and charity organizations. Ask the 
churches, whose membership increased by almost a million in one 
year and whose collections increased by millions of dollars. Ask the 
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, which in convention, voted 
unanimously for Prohibition. Why say more? ‘The proofs are all 
around us in the unnumbered uplifts from poverty to prosperity.” — 
Ropert FLETCHER, Thayer School of Civil Engineering. 


“Let the law be enforced. Prohibition is not the cause of lawless- 
ness or crime.” —Francis N. THorpsr, LL.D., Univ. of Pittsburgh. 


“T am more convinced than ever of the economic necessity of Pro- 
hibition, and am confident that in the end the law will be more gen- 
erally enforced. History indicates that it is not unusual for a new 
law involving such radical changes in the habits of many people to 
take twenty or even forty years for its general acceptance. _ 

“Tt is undoubtedly the wealthier classes that are breaking the law 
today, and this I think is encouraging the ideas of Bolshevism among 
the working groups; but I have no doubt it will all come out right 
in the end.”—RatpH W. Harpsison, Pittsburgh, Penna. 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 39 


“The Wets, who claim to favor ‘modification,’ but who really want 
the law wiped out in order that the saloon may return, bolster a bad 
cause with a worse argument. They base their appeal for a modifica- 
tion of the Prohibition law upon the ground that Prohibition is re- 
sponsible for crime and violence. Blaming Prohibition for crime and 
violence is as if a murderer should point to his victim and say: ‘Look 
at the result of your law! If there were no such law this would 
not be murder.’ 

“Prohibition has saved annually $2,000,000,000 to the people of 
the country. This $2,000,000,000 has been invested in homes, in 
education, in more and other substantial benefits of life, and has not 
gone to swell the profits of booze barons and distillers. Hence the 
drive for ‘modification.’ 

“From every standpoint—moral, educational, economic, spiritual— 
Prohibition is proving beneficial, and the thinking people of the nation 
will not countenance either the repeal or modification of the law.” — 
ARTHUR Capper, United States Senator from Kansas. 


“The money America spent for drink before Prohibition came in 
would extinguish the American national debt in less than twenty 
years. ‘The money that England spent for drink last year would 
wipe out twenty billions of her national debt in twenty years. The 
believe Prohibition should be enforced. ‘The bootlegger is stabbing 
American investors and the American Government loaned over 
twenty billion dollars to Europe. Europe’s drink bill would pay 
this back in two years. Last year the English spent £316,000,900 
for liquor and £75,C00,000 for milk. 

“The importance of milk for pregnant and nursing mothers and 
babies and little children is such that it is impossible to have a healthy 
race without plenty of milk. “The Englishman’s freedom to drink as 
he pleases is at the cost of the health of two-thirds of the babies in 
England. 

“Every test shows that Prohibition has enormously reduced the 
consumption of liquor in America. I should regard it as a terrible 
disaster to lose the great step that we have made.’—S. S. McC.ure, 
Editor, McClure’s Magazine. 


“At one time I was opposed to Prohibition in principle, but some 
years ago thoroughly persuaded that it is an economic, public health 
and humanitarian necessity. In my studies and observations on wel- 
fare work, alcoholic drinks appear to me to be one of the most 
vicious factors in view. 

“During the war I was actively occupied with the anti-venereal 
campaign in protecting the troops, and this experience persuaded me 
that strong drink and prostitution (hence venereal diseases) are 
Siainese twins. Accordingly, in justice to the women of the land, I 


40 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


the women in the back. And viewed from the standpoint of venereal 
diseases, a man who deals with a bootlegger is either innocently 
working against the health of the women of this country or he is 
financially interested in prostitution—CHARLEs W. STILEs, Spfecial- 
ist in Hygienics, Washington, D. C. 


“A question put to several hundred labor union men of Kansas— 
Would you rather have beer or gasoline?—has always brought the 
same answer—We would rather have the gasoline.’—Dr. C. V. 
Hope, Secretary, Topeka Industrial Council. 


“Of our political revolution of ’76 we are all justly proud. In it 
was the germ which vegetated, and still is to grow and expand into 
the universal liberty of mankind. 


“Turn now to the temperance revolution. In it we shall find a 
stronger bondage broken, a viler slavery manumitted, a greater tyrant 
deposed ; in it more of want supplied, more disease healed, more sor- 
row assuaged; by it no orphans starving, no widows weeping; by it 
none wounded in feeling, none injured in interest. 


“And when the victory shall be complete—when there shall be 
neither a slave nor a drunkard on the earth—how proud the title of 
that land which may truly claim to be the birthplace and the cradle 
of both these revolutions that shall have ended in that victory!” 


—ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 


Out of the mouths of many witnesses a fact shall be established, 
and prohibition is justified already. But we are not yet satisfied. 
Better enforcement will bring better and increased results. Amer- 
ican women can put FORCE in Enforcement by a campaign of 
education that will show the necessity for patriotic citizens to insist 
on officials doing their duty and will inspire these same citizens 
with the importance of obedience to law. 


American women can insist that any weakening of the provisions 
of the Volstead Act will be a surrender to the lawless element 
which has refused to obey the laws of the country. “Their present 
activities and the historical background gives no assurance that this 
element will abide by any restrictions that in the future may be 
enacted in dealing with the traffic. 


American women, patriotic in their love of home and country, 
will stand unitedly for the Eighteenth Amendment and against any 
effort to nullify it or cripple its enforcement. 


Let us hold fast all we have gained and continue our campaign 


that the people of our great land may receive the full health, moral 
and economic benefits of prohibition. 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 41 


WueEreEAs, the beverage traffic in intoxicating liquors is prohib- 
ited under the Eighteenth Amendment; and 


Wuereas, the results of six years have shown a lowered death 
rate, increased longevity, a decrease in degeneracy, improved social 
conditions, and great financial prosperity, 


REsoLtvep, That we call upon all who are charged with the 
responsibility of enforcement to exert greater diligence in the de- 
tection of violation of the law, to seek quick trials and adequate 
punishment for such violators, and to safeguard the Permit Sys- 
tem to prevent leakage for beverage purposes. Be it further 


ReEsotvep, That we protest against any modification of the Vol- 
stead Act that would lower the present standard and so make en- 
forcement more difficult, and 


That as women we call upon all women particularly to set the 
standard of obedience to the law in the home, at social functions 
and on all public occasions, and 


That we appeal to all Americans in the interest of health, morals, 
financial prosperity and patriotism to put the OBEY in Obedience 
through creating a respect for the law, and arousing a desire to 
share its benefits. 


Mrs. Etta A. Boot, Chairman 


Miss Evangeline Booth Mrs. Mary Harris Armor 
New York City Macon, Ga. 

Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt Mrs. Nelle G. Burger 
New York City Springfield, Mo. 

Dr. Katherine Bement Davis Mrs. Ruth Mason Rice 
New York City New York City 

Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton Mrs. V. E. Fahnestock 
Warren, Ohio Philadelphia, Pa. 

Dr. Ellen C. Potter Mrs. Joseph Gazzam 
Harrisburg, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. 

Miss Julia F. Deane Mrs. Maria C. Jennings 
Evanston, Ill. Bishopville, S. C. 

Dr. Valeria Parker Mrs. Samuel Semple 
New York City Titusville, Pa. 

Dr. Izora Scott Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch 
Brooklyn, N. Y. Evanston, III. 

Dr. P. S. Bourdeau-Sisco Mrs. Ida B. Wise Smith 


Baltimore, Md. Des Moines, la. 


42 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


COMMISSION ON 
POLITICAL ASSETS AND LIABILITIES 
Mrs. WILLIAM HARRISON CADE 


Enforcement Chairman, Illinois Federation of Women’s Clubs 
Assets: 
Our Assets politically are, first: Good citizens, men and women 
loyal to the highest ideals of Government who count as a sacred 
duty their personal obligation to keep the law. 


Men and women who perform their duty at primaries and polls 
by voting intelligently for men competent to govern and legislate. 


Those who insist on as high standards of character in public ofh- 
cials as they require in the principal of a high school or president of 
a bank. 


Men and women of character and ability who are willing to stand 
as candidates for public office at a sacrifice if need be. 


Those citizens who will give as much time and effort to securing 
good government as corrupt politicians give to gaining their own 


selfish ends. 
Men who represent us honestly and faithfully in state and nation. 


The woman voter who can give time and study to political situa- 
tions and valuable service in courts and civic service and in keeping 
the women in line for citizen service. 


Liabilities: 
Corrupt Politicians responsible for present conditions in cer- 
tain cities and states. 


Party Protection. The instinct to hide party sins instead of 
demanding clean politics within the party. 


Indifferent Citizens too unintelligent or indolent to understand 
or make an effort to make politics clean. 


The System of Political Patronage which is responsible for 
many of the misfits, incompetents or deliberately false officials, high 
and low. 

The Political Machine in the State—Boss or Ring Rule in 
cities leading to waste of public funds and failure to enforce law. 


Unwillingness of Good Men and women to touch politics or 
to sacrifice anything for the welfare of county or state. 


Timidity or Cowardice to’ fight well known evils because of 
threats and unpopularity. 

Discouragement and yielding to the enemy’s propaganda, demand- 
ing that the Government do all while we do nothing. 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 43 


RESOLUTIONS 


Wuereas, we have a full knowledge that many of the vital laws 
of this country are being flagrantly violated, and 

WHEREAS, our liabilities are becoming greater than our assets, 
which will mean moral bankruptcy, and 

WHEREAS, the citizen of today is mot manifesting the interest or 
sustaining the rights and privileges of the American citizen, and 

WHEREAS, not names on ballots but cardinal principles of candi- 
dates above reproach must be our standard at primaries and elections. 

‘THEREFORE BE IT 

Resotvep, That these resolutions are a challenge to the American 
people to uphold the Constitution and the laws of these United 
States, that the ideals of this nation may be preserved. 

Be Ir REsoLvep: 

Ist: That citizens who are our assets, exert their rights and 
privileges through the ballot at primaries and elections. 

2nd: That care, forethought and knowledge be exercised as to 
the principles of candidates. 

3rd: That we, who make our own laws, directly or by represen- 
tation, show by our individual action, reverence, knowledge, obser- 
vance, obedience and vigilance. 

4th: That when officials do not keep their trust, they be justly 
punished and dismissed from office by trial. 

5th: That civil service standing be made prerequisite to appoint- 
ment as prohibition officers. 

6th: That criminal aliens who continually violate law and ignore 
the Constitution be deported. 


Mrs. WiLuiAM Harrison Cane, Chairman 


Mrs. Helm Bruce, Vice Chairman Mrs. Edward Franklin White 


Louisville, Ky. Indianapolis, Ind. 
Mrs. Harvey Flint Mrs. George Caron 
Providence, R. I. Detroit, Mich. 
Mrs. Parker S. Maddux Mrs. Charles R. Fox 
San Francisco, Cal. Cincinnati, Ohio. , 
Mrs. Haines Lippincott Mrs. W. F. Blackman 
Camden, N. J. Orlando, Fla. 
Mrs. Gifford Pinchot Mrs. A. H. Shoemaker 
Harrisburg, Pa. Eau Clair, Wis. 
Mrs. William Tilton Mrs. George T. Palmer 


Cambridge, Mass. Springfield, Ill. 


44 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


REPORT OF LEGAL COMMISSION 


Mrs. HERBERT J. GURNEY 


Former President Massachusetts and New England Federated Clubs; 
Vice Pres. Mass. Council Defense; Pres. N. E. Woman’s 
Committee for Law Enforcement 


Alte MATERIAL for this report has been gathered from many 
different sources, including reports of the Cleveland Survey 
made by Dean Pound and Professor Frankfurter of Harvard Col- 
lege five years ago; from the published records of the Missouri 
Survey, recently undertaken; from the pamphlet entitled “Commu- 
nity vs. the Criminal,’ “The Law, its Loopholes and the Facts in 
the Case,” by Frank A. Goodwin, Registrar of Motor Vehicles for 
Massachusetts; from an article in the Yale Review by Professor 
Henry W. Farnum, entitled “Law, Liberty and Progress”: from 
a statement reprinted from the Concord, N. H. Monitor written 
by Judge Remick; from speeches made by eminent jurists; from 
hundreds of articles and news items taken from the public press and 
from statements of facts concerning the legal aspects of Law En- 
forcement learned through personal visits and unofficial surveys 
of local courts made by members of the Commission. ‘This report 
quotes largely from all these sources and makes preliminary an- 
nouncement to this effect. 

‘The enforcement of law is in any country the measure of its 
power. In a country like America where the laws are made by 
representatives chosen by the people and where the people are there- 
fore the final arbiters on all matters the very existence of its civil- 
ization depends upon the obedience to and enforcement of the laws 
so made. The matter of law enforcement becomes therefore the 
greatest problem before us because “it involves the important and 
fundamental question whether the American people possess the self- 
denying and law-abiding qualities necessary for the perpetuity of 
our institutions.” “Theodore Roosevelt said, ““The corner-stone of 
this republic, as of all free governments, is respect for and obedience 
to the law. When we permit the law to be defied or evaded by rich 
man or poor man, by black man or white, we are by just so much 
weakening the bonds of our civilization and increasing the chances 
of its overthrow.”’ While there is practically unanimity of opinion 
that law is not being properly enforced, that criminals are escaping 
punishment and that communities everywhere are suffering from the 
apparent inability of the courts and police to deal effectively with 


law breakers, there is diversity of judgment in fixing responsibility 
and blame. 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 45 


Our courts under present conditions do not or cannot cope with 
the situation. Chief Justice Taft says, ‘““The administration of 
criminal law in the United States is a disgrace to civilization. The 
trial of a criminal seems like a game of chance with all the chances 
in favor of the criminal and if he escapes he seems to have the 
sympathy of a sporting public.” Careful and authoritative scholars 
assert the cause of this failure lies in the antiquated system of our 
laws and procedure and call for revision and reform. Dean Pound 
advises the endowing of Law Schools and equipping them for re- 
search. ‘‘Nowhere else,” he says, “shall we find the conditions of 
continuity of investigation, permanence of tenure, independence of 
politics and assured competency, scientific spirit and scientific method, 
without which the necessary research will fall short of its purpose.” 

Men whose business it is to deal with practical matters of law 
enforcement or who are thwarted in their efforts to obtain support 
in such matters by failure of the courts to act, for instance, as the 
Registrar of Motor Vehicles in Massachusetts, are asking for new 
legislation along the lines of probation, parole, suspended sentences, 
bail, jurors, etc., to make punishment swift and sure. We believe 
that the greater number of judges in the courts are sincere and 
faithful, and that the majority of juries are sincere in their efforts 
to decide honestly on the cases brought before them, but it is the 
united testimony of those who have visited the courts with the pur- 
pose of studying procedure and practices that there are delays, fail- 
ures to convict and to sentence criminals. According to the Missouri 
Survey the chances of retribution for murder in St. Louis are 6 to 1, 
for larceny 25 to 1, with other cities in worse case. In Mr. Good- 
win’s pamphlet is given the record of law offenders who habitually 
violated the law. One of these had been placed on probation seven 
times; had suspended sentences six times; placed on file four times; 
and nol prossed twice. It was only after a long series of crimes 
that he received his first sentence. Who is responsible for these and 
similar conditions? In the last analysis, we are, we, the people of 
the United States. “The problem is before the people and only as 
all persons charged with enforcement of law shall do so without 
fear or favor, that existing laws shall be amended and that new 
laws shall be made to fit the changing conditions of modern life, 
will this problem be solved. 

Coupled with effective enforcement must go loyal observance of 
law. We would, therefore, call attention to the organizations that 
are engaged in developing measures that prevent law-breaking. The 
idea of prevention is used largely in different states and is variously 
called the League of Compassion, or The Society for the Prevention 
of Cruelty to Children, or Law Enforcement League, or Watch and 
Ward, Probation, Juvenile Courts, Parent-Teachers Association, 
or Civic League. We would utter a word of warning in regard to 
such measures as probation and parole, whose proper use is the re- 


46 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


claiming of criminals, the building up of their characters that they 
may become constructive rather than destructive elements in society. 
We give our hearty approval to such measures when rightly and 
wisely used, but we protest with all our. might against their abuse. 
The continuance of parole or probation, where there is continual 
lack of law observance creates a dangerous condition in society, a 
laxity in treatment of crime, and lowers moral tone in the whole 
community by developing maudlin sentimentality in the place of 
that strong integrity and honest respect for law that is the safe- 
guard of the nation. 

The Division of the Department of Legislation of the General 
Federation of Women’s Clubs has issued a short intensive study 
outline entitled “Know Your Courts,” which under the divisions, 
Prevention, Detection and Investigation, and Prosecution, asks sixty 
questions on court procedure. And women are urged to give time 
to study and discussion of these questions. “This outline is a valu- 
able contribution to an important line of study. Mrs. Edward 
Franklin White of Indianapolis is the chairman of the Division 
which issues the Jeaflet. In Massachusetts, acting on suggestions 
made by Mrs. Willian Tilton, who heads the Educational Com- 
mission, individuals or groups of women have attended sessions and 
quietly watched proceedings, thus gaining valuable knowledge of 
actual conditions. Only by familiarizing themselves with court 
procedure and by having knowledge of local court actions can 
women think, speak and vote intelligently on matters of law enforce- 
ment. 

It is the conclusion of many careful observers of women jurors 
that they are most conscientious and intelligent in enforcing the 
law. We would therefore suggest that in all states where women 
are not eligible for jury service this subject be studied. As a people 
we have always rejoiced in our freedom and liberty, and indeed it 
is a precious possession, but as Prof. Farnam points out in the pam- 
phlet mentioned as one of the sources of information used in this 
report, “Our Constitution was not adopted to secure absolute 
liberty. With the felicity of diction which marks this wonderful 
document its aim is to secure ‘the blessings of liberty.’ If liberty is to 
be a blessing and not a curse, it must be a liberty which subserves 
not the crude egotism of the individual but the general welfare.” 
It must be a liberty promoting civilized progress under the restraints 
of law. 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 47 


Wuereas the Constitution of the United States is our most 
priceless possession, and WHEREAS all of our institutions of liberty 
and of civic welfare are dependent upon law and WHEREAS defiance 
or neglect of law impairs the moral fibre of the nation, 


THEREFORE Be Ir RESOLVED: 


That we, women citizens of America, pledge our hearty 
support to the President of the United States, the judges 
and prosecuting attorneys of Federal, State and local courts, 
and all officers of the law who are enforcing the law of the 
land without fear or favor. 


Seconp, Be Ir ReEsoLvep: 


That we give intelligent study and aid to the various 
organizations which are endeavoring to teach proper ob- 
servance of law and to. prevent law-breaking; That we 
study the system of parole and probation in our various 
states; That we note carefully the effect of such measures, 
and while recognizing their usefulness in many cases pro- 
test strongly against their abuse. 


Tuirp, Be Ir ReEsoLven: 

That the Legal Commission combine with the Educa- 
tion Commission in calling upon groups of public-spirited 
citizens in every state to make an Annual Survey of their 
United States District Courts. This survey is to consist 
(1) of a Character Survey of the Judges and District 
Attorneys of the Court; (2) of an Accomplishment Sur- 
vey of the Court itself. Results of this Survey shall be 
sent annually to the President of the United States and the 
United States Attorney-General and circulated widely 
through the press under the title of “Know Your Federal 
Courts.” 


FourtH, Be Ir REsoLvepD: 

That a delegation of five be appointed to wait on the 
United States Attorney-General and ask him what women 
can do (1) to effect the removal of United States Dis- 
trict Attorneys described by Mrs. Mabel Walker Wille- 
brandt as politically evasive or hostile to the Prohibition 
Law. (2) To secure the appointment of Federal Judges 
sympathetic with the enforcement of all laws. (3) To see 
what can be done to bring to trial the 20,000 odd liquor 
cases now pending in the United States Courts; this so- 
called “jam” of liquor cases being an alarming hindrance 
according to Col. Lincoln C. Andrews, to the orderly 
course of prohibition enforcement. 


48 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


Mrs. Herpert J. GURNEY, Chairman 


Mrs. Edw. Franklin White Mrs. Robt. J. Culbert 
Vice Pres., Gen. Fed. of Women’s Chr. Legal Dept. Mass. State Fed. 
Clubs. of Women’s Clubs. 
Miss Mary Garrett Hay Mrs. Victor E. Miller 
New York. Pres. Mass. King’s Daughters. 
Mrs. Geo. Thomas Palmer Mrs. Chas. McDuffee 
Pres. Ill. Federation of Women’s Chr. N. H. Law _ Enforcement 
Clubs. Committee. 
Mrs. Charles Semple Mrs. Walter A. Peck 
Pennsylvania. Chr. R. I. Law _ Enforcement 
Committee 
Mrs. Fred’k G. Smith Mrs. Harvey Flint 
Pres. Mass. State Fed. of Wo- Legislative Chairman, R. I. Law 
men’s Clubs. Enforcement Committee. ’ 


Mrs. Ellis Yost 
Legislative Chairman, W. C. T. U. 


COMMISSION ON EDUCATION 
EDUCATION IN THE SCHOOL 
Mrs. WILLIAM TILTON 


Legislative Chairman Parent-Teachers Association 
Author “Save America’ 


He shows that a new idea enacted into law by the advanced 
majority takes from one to two generations to enforce. The 
unconvinced minority has to be brought into line. In short, as the 
French say, Law Enforcement is like a vegetable growth in which 
the new idea slowly ripens into accepted custom. ‘To facilitate this 
process there must be constant education of the ever-rising genera- 
tion, — in our country of our twenty-five million school children. 

The basic ideas to be inculcated now in the minds of the coming 
generation are (1) the nature of alcohol, that it is not what men 
formerly believed a life-giver but a life-destroyer, a narcotic poison, 
and thus a menace to health, character and also a great efficiency 
leak among nations; again in a modern industrial world where the 
steam engine has taken to the modern highway, it becomes a thor- 
ough misfit. 

(2) The second basic truth is The Reason Why we have Pro- 
hibition. We have it because one hundred odd years of experimenta- 
tion has shown that Prohibition enforced is the best way to reduce 
the drink evil to a minimum and experience has also shown that 
Prohibition can be enforced if you keep at it long enough. It took 
Kansas thirty years to enforce its Prohibition Law, but in the end 
(1914) while the per capita consumption of the nation was twenty- 
two gallons that of Kansas was three gallons. Beer and wine 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 49 


experiments have been tried and failed (Massachusetts, Georgia). 
Government control has failed. It means putting your Govern- 
ment into the most corrupting business there is, the liquor business. 
Here then are the basic facts to inculcate in the mind of every 
one of our twenty-five million school children, (1) alcohol, the 
life-destroyer (2) that we have Prohibition because it has proved 
itself the best method of minimizing the drink evil. ‘Therefore, 


Recommended—that we pledge ourselves to make it our 
business to see that our community is active in getting ade- 
quate instruction to all pupils (1) in the nature and effects 
of alcohol, the life-destroyer; (2) in The Reasons Why 
we have Prohibition. Furthermore, that we make it our 
duty to see that private schools give this instruction as 
well as public schools and that every State Normal School 
and Teachers College equip teachers with the necessary 
knowledge for training youth to fight the alcohol habit. 

Recommended — that Women’s Clubs, Parent-Teacher 
Associations and others combine with temperance organiza- 
tions in an annual demonstration in school and town in 
behalf of alcohol-education and Prohibition Enforcement. 


Recommended—that these same organizations make spe- 
cial effort to see that the basic truths about alcohol and 
Prohibition find a place in the Sunday School Lessons 
throughout the nation. 


Recommended—that we urge all College students to 
make it their business to “see through” this battle against 
one of the World’s great Race-Destroyers, pointing out to 
them that we must either get Prohibition reasonably en- 
forced or confess that we are not a virile enough race to 
do the thing that gives the world of tomorrow the in- 
creased safety, health, character and efficiency that Pro- 
hibition Enforced alone can create. 


For help apply to the Scientific Temperance Federation, 400 
Boylston St., Boston, Mass., and then to the National W. C. T. U., 


Evanston, Illinois, and your own Church societies. 


PREAMBLE TO RECOMMENDATIONS 


Our present lawlessness is not due to the breakdown of home, 
church, school or youth, for they have not broken down. It is 
largely due to the fact that we are in a transition period from a 
small town and rural era to an era of large cities, state roads and 
the automobile. In short, our area of activity has become greatly 
enlarged and new controls, a new criminal court procedure, a 


50 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


widened policing of recreation, a motorized police force are needed 
to meet the new conditions. ‘The first step is to know, to realize 
how antiquated the present law enforcement machinery is. Hence, 
Know Your Court campaigns are being widely inaugurated. 


Now, in this connection, it is well to point out that better law 
enforcement comes in two parts. We need (1) an up-to-date court 
and, police procedure, (2) a personnel sympathetic with the laws 
that the court procedure is designated to enforce. Dean. Roscoe 
Pound of Harvard University makes it very clear in his survey 
that while we may have the best law enforcement machinery in the 
world, it will not work unless it is manned with sympathetic of- 
ficials who desire to see the laws they are called upon to enforce 
successful. 


Hence, any good Survey of our administration of justice must 
be composed of two parts, (1) The actual accomplishment, (2) the 
personnel of the courts or administration in question. Hence we 
shall recommend Character Surveys as well as Accomplishment 
Surveys. 


RECOMMENDATIONS 


Recommended—that we approve the suggestion of the National 
Congress of Parent-Teachers that Protective Associations be formed 
in every town, to further a Better Administration of Recreation 
and Justice by making local surveys of these functions: 


Recommended—that we, also, approve the call of the General 
Federation of Women’s Clubs for Surveys of State and local Courts. 


Recommended—that we cooperate in any way possible with the 
above organizations, but that the Women’s National Committee 
for Law Enforcement focus on surveys of the Prohibition Adminis- 
tration and of the U. S. District Courts. 


Recommended—that we appoint a Central Committee to make, 
(1) a yearly “Character Surveys” of the Personnel of the Prohibi- 
tion Unit in Washington. (2) That we urge the States to make 
both a Character and an Accomplishment Survey of the Federal 
Administration of Prohibition in their districts... (3) That the 
Education Commission codperate with the Legal Commission of 
our organization in calling on the States to make a Character and 
an Accomplishment Survey of their United States District Courts, 
in regard to Liquor Law violations. 


Recommended—that where it is not possible to make a survey of 
the Federal Courts, we suggest that the plan of the Law Enforce- 
ment League of Philadelphia be used, namely, that a letter be writ- 
ten to the United States Attorney asking him to state the number 
of successful prosecutions against breweries, distilleries and liquor 
sellers and other cases affecting the fraudulent distributing of illegal 
alcohol. 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 51 


Recommended—that these Surveys be made public in press, clubs, 
churches and also sent to the President of the United States, and 
the Attorney General of the United States. 

Recommended—that we urge Congress to pass the bill now before 
it placing all Prohibition activities in a separate Bureau and since 
a sympathetic personnel is essential to efficient Law Enforcement 
that we urge the President of the United States to place as Com- 
missioner in charge of this Bureau, a friend of Prohibition. 


PLACE PROHIBITION ENFORCEMENT IN THE 
HANDS OF ITS FRIENDS 


In short, we cannot too strongly urge that Prohibition be placed 
in the hands of its friends. Nothing less is efficient and nothing 
less can bring us to the day so greatly desired by the great and 
virile middle class of this Nation, the day when Prohibition shall 
be enforced from the top down. Appended below is a Pattern 
Survey for State Prohibition Administration by Federal Govern- 
ment. Appended to Legal Commission Pattern Survey for Federal 
Courts. 


KNOW YOUR PRESS 
THE GRAVE PROBLEM 
THE PRESS OF THE BIG CITY 


The small town paper is apt to be clean and ready to help for- 
ward moral reforms. One reason for this is that it writes for the 
middle class, the sober, unhurried, church-going population with 
time to think, have convictions and be an independent man. “The 
man on the soil is slower to move”’ says a well-known writer. “But 
fundamentally he is just and honorable in his thinking.’ He bends 
to economic progress. 

The Big City Press (with noble exceptions) does not write to 
catch the middle class. Francis Parkman told us that more and 
more the population of the Big City would be that of “the half- 
taught plutocrat” and “the ignorant prolatariat”’ with a vanishing 
middle class. Big circulation means writing for this half-taught 
plutocrat and the untutored masses, neither of which sacrifices it- 
self quickly to the new economic truth. Both are conservatives. 

Here is a grave impediment to reforms,—especially to moral and 
economic movements like Prohibition. 

Again Bismarck tells us that the thinking of big cities is never 
close to facts. Where so many ideas jostle each other, he says, 
hearsay and repetition make a man believe almost anything and so 
grotesque ideas, flaring in headlines, come to take the place of 
careful thinking running close to the nature of things, — Thus 


Bismarck. 


52 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


Again ponder this, that under present conditions, perhaps about 
one hundred men who own or control great dailies have more to do 
with politics andthe controlling of public opinion than all the 
rest of the millions and that these men and these Big City dailies 
are gigantically powerful by reason of their felations with two or 
three great national news services. Here is something to give us 
pause, — to show us how we run the danger of becoming more than 
ever sheep following the ready-to-wear, conservative, uneconomic 
thinking of the Big City “master of methods but slave of things,” 
and having supremely the American fault of wanting quick results. 

There never was a great reform that was anywhere at the age 
of six years. “Two generations is the very shortest time that en- 
forcement of any great reform has taken. 

We are confronted, then with a grave problem, the Big City 
Press that does not write for that back-bone of reform, the middle 
class. What can we do to retain the dominance of the middle class, 


less hurried and more economic frame of mind? I merely suggest 
two methods, one a survey. 


Recommended—let the Big City editor know that he 
has a middle class and progressive public by forming a 
committee of fifty women who shall constantly write 
letters of appreciation or protest to the editor on his atti- 
tude towards Law Enforcement and the Eighteenth Amend- 
ment and other progressive reforms. 

Recommended—let the same committee make an annual 
survey of one month’s output on Law Enforcement, Pro- 
hibition and any other progressive causes it may wish. Let 
them measure it in miles thus showing the miles of reaction 
of nullification, of wet propaganda, of big business con- 
servatism put forth in one month. Here is an ocular dem- 
onstration of what the community is up against. Here is 
a visible warning against living by headlines rather than 
your head, against becoming a super-saturated sponge think- 
ing nebulosities perfectly disassociated from fact. 


Mrs. Witiram TiLton, Chairman 


Mrs. Kate Trenholm Abrams Mrs. George Mathes 
Washington, D. C. Chicago, IIl. 

Mrs. Cornelia Cannon Mrs. Cora Wilson Stewart 
Cambridge, Mass. Kentucky 

Mrs. George H. Crocker Miss C. F. Stoddard 
Providence, R. I. Boston, Mass. 

Mrs. Herman Ferger Mrs. W. R. Stone 
Chattanooga, Tenn. Bristol, Tenn. 

Mrs. Irving Fisher Mrs. Alicé Ames Winter 


New Haven, Conn. Minneapolis, Minn. 
Mrs. Harry Jager Miss Mary Woolley 


Providence, R. I. South Hadley, Mass. 
Mrs. S. M. N. Marrs 


Austin, Texas 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 53 


KNOW YOUR COURTS, KNOW YOUR 
POLICE, JUDGES, PROSECUTING 
ATTORNEYS 


By ELIZABETH TILTON 


Main Cause or LAWLESSNESS 


MAIN cause of the lawlessness today, according to Roscoe 


Pound, Dean of the Harvard Law School, is that we, a rest- 
less, pioneer people, are in a transition period from a small town 
and rural era to an era of big cities; also an era of the automobile 
and the Great State Road. In short, the area of our human activity 
has become so vastly enlarged that the old controls, old police force, 
old criminal court procedure are no longer equal to the strain. We 
have got to modernize them to meet the new day. 


Potice Forces ANTIQUATED 


Absurd as it may seem, the bulk of our police forces are still 
organized to meet a world that walked or jogged to town in the 
buggy. What can a mere “half-mile beat’? walker do to capture 
a bandit in a high-powered motor car? Our police have got to be 
motorized and given a wide signal service. 


STATE Roap A NEw PROBLEM 


Take again the always serious problem of recreation, (poor amuse- 
ment being really a breeding soil of criminality). Formerly, the 
mother in the little town could guard the recreation. But what 
can a mother do about recreation twenty-five miles away on some 
joy-riding State Road? Nothing! 1 tell you women this new 
modern entity, the State Road, is a problem. Vice tends to line 
its way and the villages along its banks having no social agencies, 
and no police force equal to the new condition, too often simply 
turn their backs. 

We have got, somehow, to build up State Police that have under 
them men and women who patrol the recreation of our great 
highways. 

CriMINAL Court ProcepURE Mape ror SMALL Towns 


Take again our criminal court procedure; this was built for a 
day when the judge or prosecuting attorney knew almost every one 
who came before him. Today 30,000 cases come annually before 
the Prosecutor in a city like Boston. Hardly one offender would 
be known. Many are foreigners and the whole thing must, in 
order to close the docket, become Justice done in bulk, and thus 
rough and open to chicanery. 


54 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


In short the new day calls for new controls. Prohibition is 
probably one of the new controls, an endeavor to meet a fast and 
furious world where the very steam engine itself which has made 
the new day has taken to the common highway. 


Know Your Law ENFoRCEMENT MACHINERY 


Now the first steps towards getting the new controls is to know 
our Administration of Justice——that is, know the workings of the 
law enforcement machinery of today. It is a curious fact that 
women’s organizations have made every kind of study of every 
kind of thing, but courts, police force, judge, jury. These have 
tended to live apart from the community, unwatched, unchallenged 
and reported only in musty files: This is one reason that they have 
fallen so behind for no institution will remain healthy that is not 
watched. Public interest is really health in the veins of an institu- 
tion. The absence of it is degeneration. 

Let us bring now to our Administration of Justice the health of 
public interest. Let us “Know Our Courts,” “Know Our Police 
Force,” “Know the Recreation of Our Town.” 


ORIGINAL “Know Your Courts” CAMPAIGN 


Now such movements are already begun. “Two years ago some 
women in Massachusetts instituted a “Know Your Courts” cam- 
paign, reading the Court Dockets of ten towns. ‘They read the 
liquor law violations and found: 1, absence of penalties that deter; 
2, inactive police forces; 3, use of legal quibbles, technicalities, 
used as loopholes of escape; 4, sometime an unsympathetic court 
personnel. “They published these widely in local press and saw the 
courts change visibly under this definite public interest. 

Good Housekeeping wrote it up and the response to that article 
showed that the nation was on fire to do something about its 
courts, especially as regards liquor law violations. 


GENERAL FEDERATION Moves 
Mrs. Edward Franklin White, vice president of the General Fed- 


eration of Women’s Clubs, who has done so much nationally for 
Law Enforcement, placed the matter before her Board (with the 
hearty codperation of Mrs. John Sherman, president). “The result 
is that the General Federation of Women’s Clubs is appointing law 
enforcement committees in every state, one object of which will be 
to read their court dockets. 


CONGRESS OF PARENT-ITEACHERS ASSOCIATIONS Moves 


The Executive Committee of the National Congress of Parents 
and Teachers voted at its meeting in Washington February, 1926, 
that when the “Know Your Courts” campaign comes to town it 
would add as its quota a survey of the recreation of the town. We 
voted to urge policewomen, patrols, etc., we also voted to survey 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 55 


the Juvenile Court Procedure. For we agree that a juvenile of- 
fender is a “boy with a past, our duty to him being to make him 
a man with a future.” This was to be our contribution to the 
great movement for better administration of justice now rising 
through the country. 


Women’s NatioNAL COMMITTEE FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT 


The Women’s National Committee for Law Enforcement should 
focus on Prohibition Surveys, making a yearly character survey ‘of 
the Prohibition Unit in Washington, to see if it is manned with 
officers who desire to see Prohibition a success. It should also, 
make state surveys of the Prohibition Administration, also of the 
Federal Courts in relation to their treatment of liquor law viola- 
tions. (Those desiring pattern Prohibition Survey should write to 
345 Tremont Building, Boston, Mass.) 


PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS THE GOAL 


So you see how this idea,—the “Know Your Courts” idea is 
growing. I want to see it a Big Tree covering the nation. I 
know big cities will have to manage themselves—on a very expen- 
sive scale. Small towns and rural districts, villages, along State 
Roads, owing to expense will have to help themselves as best they 
can to get adequate controls to protect youth from bad commercial 
amusements, keep out the auto thief, bandit bootlegger, vice resort. 

To these I propose that each form a Children’s Protective Asso- 
ciation, the object to be to give every child a clean town to grow 
up in, clean amusements, clean police, clean courts. ‘These shall 
make annual surveys of amusements and administration of justice 
in the town, of police force and courts. This done annually and 
placed in local press will put health (public interest) into that 
neglected function of our Government, the Judicial function. It 
will also give us the knowledge by which we may bridge the transi- 
tion period in which we now are and build up the new law enforce- 
ment machinery, new controls fitted for the new day, and the new 
population, a population that has not behind it the long experience 
with self-government that our forbears inherited. 

Such surveys will also show us the need of supplying the personal 
touch now lost, by setting up policewomen who shall patrol recrea- 
tion and care for young offenders. It will bring home to us today 
that police should not be simply arresting officers but preventive. 





CHARACTER AND ACCOMPLISHMENT SURVEYS 


Now I have marked out—with the kind and valuable help of 
Dean Roscoe Pound of Harvard University,—simple surveys. I 
divide these surveys into two parts, Character Surveys and Accom- 
plishment Surveys, for Law Enforcement comes in two parts. You 
must have machinery up-to-date but even so it will not do its work 
unless the machinery is manned with the right personnel. ‘That is 


56 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


why we must have Character Surveys. It is really precisely as 
vital to have a fine character at the head of the Prohibition Unit 
or Prosecuting Attorney’s Office as to have such a character in your 
pulpit. ‘Example is the School of Mankind,” says Burke, “and 
they will learn in no other.” Nowhere is example so potent as in 
politically appointed officers. A police force reflects almost abso- 
lutely the character of the Mayor. And yet how supremely care- 
less are we about the character of the men we choose to man our 
Law Enforcement machinery! It’s amazing! Protective Associa- 
tions making Character Surveys and Accomplishment Surveys will 
help to tone up our perfectly supine indifference to ‘““Who’s Who”’ 
in Police, Court, Jury and Judge. 


Buriep Heroes! UNsBury THEM! 


Coming to the Surveys themselves, I would make two remarks. 
I could not have drawn these Surveys without Dean Pound’s vision 
but, none the less, these surveys are far slighter than any he would 
build. But if any group will follow a few of these questions to 
the bottom a new and very real world will swing into its ken. You 
will see the corruption you may be living over. You will be hor- 
rified to see the threads of politics winding in and out of your Law 
Enforcement machinery weakening its efficiency. On the other 
hand, you will come out with a vast admiration for the man who 
in the midst of this political maelstrom of justice is honest and 
forging through the mountain of difficulties to genuine Law En- 
forcement. 

ALL TO THE RESCUE 


The second thing I wish to say is this. “These Surveys will move 
faster if the women combine with the men in making them. In 
the churches are the men who could give valuable assistance, retired 
lawyer, a friendly clerk of the courts. Any clever woman can 
learn to read the court dockets. But to draw inferences from the 
court dockets takes that brilliant quality, natural shrewdness. ‘There 
is plenty of it in any town. But you must go after it. That is 
why I say this group of Surveys should be taken to the ministers, 
a union meeting should be called and the work planned out with 
experts to help as far as possible. Where there is money a super- 
intendent of surveys should be hired. All should work under him. 

A CLEAN Town For Every CHILD To Grow Up In 

Of course, having once made these surveys we must act on them. 
In short, let us never stop till we have attained our object, a clean 
town for every child to grow up in, clean recreation, clean courts, 
and a clean police force with the new idea of policing, the pre- 
ventive idea that works for an ideal rather than for punishment or 
worse for protection of criminals. 


[The pamphlet giving Mrs. Tilton’s article and surveys may be se- 
cured from the ofhcers of the Woman’s National Committee for Law En- 
forcement, 1 Arsenal Square, Cambridge, Mass. Price 5 cents. ] 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 57 


MESSAGE from 
Mrs. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR. 


>| fee turmoil and upheaval of the last twelve years have brought 
the mind of the world to an almost chaotic state. New ideals 
are struggling with old conventions and habit. In this country the 
situation is made more complicated by our unprecedented prosperity. 
More people than ever before are able to give their families good 
food, clothes, education and many of the pleasant things of life; 
there the willingness to give seems in many cases to end, and readi- 
ness that was so common during the war to make: sacrifices for a 
cause seems strangely wanting. But I know there are two points, 
on the value of which all Americans agree; these are the welfare of 
their children and the justice of a ‘“‘square deal.” I should like to 
make, through the women of this Commission, a plea that the chil- 
dren of the United States be given a “square deal’’ by their parents 
and older relations. A man once said to me that a parent should be 
either an “awful warning” or a “good example.” Is it not possible 
that we can become in very truth a “good example,” for the pity of 
it all is that the children believe in us and try to be like us, inconsis- 
tent though we often are! 

We pretend to be Christians but how few of Christ’s commands 
do we really obey! We are a Republic; we make our own laws, and 
yet we so often treat them with scorn and contempt! 

Why not be honest with ourselves and admit that our children 
will not be the highminded, fine people that we want and expect 
them to be, unless we—their parents—set them an example of being 
just and law-abiding citizens. 





WIN THE BOYS AND GIRLS 


I wished, as I sat there last night and this morning, that we could 
add to the program of this convention boys and girls filling every 
one of these seats, and General Andrews and our Coast Guard repre- 
sentative speaking to them, saying, “Boys and girls, this is what we 
want you to do!” Why can we not set up over this land meetings in 
which our officials speak to boys’ and girls’ meetings in which the 
appeal is made to them. I thought about the Academy of Music in 
Philadelphia. Why can’t we have that filled with boys and girls in 
Philadelphia? I thought about Dr. Elliott, our Director of Public 
Safety, a Sunday School superintendent himself. Why do our boys 
and girls have to get their messages second-hand? Why can’t we 
get such audiences as have never been assembled in America before, 
all over this land of ours of the boys and girls? 


—MRS. E. C. CRONK. 


58 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


COMMISSION ON ALLEGIANCE 
Mrs. ROSWELL MILLER, New York | 


HE Commission on Allegiance to the Constitution and Ob- 
servance of Law represents the patriotic sentiment and loyalty 
essential to every true American. Mrs. Roswell Miller, First Vice 
President of the Woman’s National Committee for Law Enforce- 
ment, has been seriously ill and therefore unable to present her 
report. She has, however, an admirable group of women who repre- 
sent intangible values which become evident in any national crisis. 
It was the spirit of the women during the war which led them 
to sacrifice and conservation in all nations and made them undertake 
tasks which they had never attempted before. It is that intangible 
but none the less real asset which must strengthen women today in 
the great task before them. As women citizens they are called to 
high allegiance to the best interests of the nation, without regard to 
their own personal predispositions or privileges. 


Mrs. Rosweitit MILuer, Chairman, New York City 


Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook Mrs. Jesse Nicholson 
Washington, D. C. Chevy Chase, Md. 
Mrs. Lewis Thompson Mrs. Chauncey Hamlin 
Red Bank, New Jersey. me uttalargNituy 4 

Mrs. H. S. Prentiss Nichols Miss Alida Lattimore 
Philadelphia, Pa. New York City 

Mrs. Philip North Moore Mrs. Hosmer H. Billings 
St. Louis, Mo. Elmira, N. Y. 

Mrs. Henry W. Farnam Mrs. Clarence Macy 


New Haven, Conn. Rochester, N. Y. 


Mrs. Eugene Levering 


Baltimore, Md. 
Tate TE ERE Pa PAR RR A ST DPS A ERI WS BA GA RE RE EEE 


WOMEN WHO ILLEGALLY USE OR SERVE ALCOHOLIC 
LIQUORS ARE DISLOYAL 
“You can see to it that at no social event in your charge shall your 
tables be disgraced by the presence of unlawful liquor. 


“You can if you will make the serving of unlawful liquor at social 
functions of your acquaintances so unpopular that it will’ cease. 
Will you do your part?’ — Attorney General Sargent. 





SSSR USED SEL SRS MRR ADS ER SR A a A ES AE a RED. Lh LIE 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 59 


COMMISSION ON ORGANIZATION 
AND METHOD 


Mrs. SAMUEL J. BENS, New York 


Following the luncheon Mrs. Samuel J. Bens presented the report 
of the Committee on Organization and Methods. Associated with 
Mrs. Bens’ commission were the chairmen of all commissions. They 
were able to meet and confer during the convention and offered as 
their report a resolution for the coming campain. The end of the 
Convention must be the beginning of the campaign was the convic- 
tion of those present. 


In view of the utterances of the men called in at the Hearing be- 
fore the Judiciary Committee of the Senate it becomes necessary for 
women everywhere to correct public opinion misguided through wide- 
spread propaganda. While this week will bring a refutation of many 
misleading and incorrect statements it will take every effort the 
women can put forth to undo the injury which has been done. 


This report is sent out with the hope that women who read, know- 
ing the women who have presented it, will understand the situation 
better than those who merely read the headlines in the newspapers. 
Most of the city newspapers are either in sympathy with men like 
Bruce. Edge and Reed, or are hampered by their business affiliations. 
It is perfectly possible to get a fair treatment if one has real news, 
as we have found during our Convention. Whether such treatment 
will be given during the coming conventions which will be held by 
women in various states where the fight is on we do not know. Since 
we are threatened with a wet Congress and have had before us the 
exact amount to be spent in each county in the states where a special 
campaign will be made, we must be prepared. 


e 


The Commissions have all made valuable suggestions. 
Study and follow them. 

Call meetings in every town and county. 

Organize Law Enforcement Committees by affiliating 
clubs, church women, D. A. R., Parent-Teacher, Grange and 
all groups that stand for the Eighteenth Amendment, 
whether you have a State organization or not. 


BE PREPARED 
for primaries and elections. A Senator said on the floor 
of the Senate: “Millions are going to drink, Constitu- 


60 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


tion or no Constitution.” He should be impeached. 
Women who let disloyal men represent them are dis- 
loyal. We have the vote. Organize; stir the men to 
action; counteract propaganda with truth. 

STUDY THE CANDIDATES 
Return no men who are not strongly, loyally for the 
whole Constitution. 


PRINT A BULLETIN 
if your Press fails you. It costs little. 
Get the best advice as to procedure. 


Be fearless, faithful, fortified with facts, and forever at 
it till the fight is finished. Keep your sense of humor. 
It is funny to see men, grown men, acting as some do. 


PUT UP OUR POSTERS 
These are the brief Patriotic Political Precepts that will 
help to correct noisy propaganda. 


BRING IN THE GIRLS 
They will make and carry posters and rouse the boys. 
Bless them! 


SEND A DOLLAR AND WE WILL SEND YOU 
LAW ENFORCEMENT MATERIAL 





15 Patriotic Political Precepts, Posters’ - - - $.50 
Report of Washington Convention - - - =A jsh5 
Propaganda Against Prohibition (reprinted from — 

“Good Housekeeping”’) - - - - - 05 
Save America - - - - - - - =e Gee Be) 
Know Your Courts (Elizabeth Tilton) - - ~iehiers Op) 

$1.00 


In addition we will send you a copy of the Hearing be- 
fore the Senate Judiciary Committee, April 12, when the 
women went to the Capitol for the first time in history to 
defend the Constitution. 

These pamphlets may be had separately at prices given. 
Posters in quantity for use in primary and poll campaigns, 
three sets for a dollar, $25 a hundred sets. 


Headquarters: 
1 ARSENAL SQUARE CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 
New York Committee, 129 E. 52nd Street 
Treasurer, Hilda L. Olson, 1 Arsenal Sq., Cambridge, Mass. 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 61 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY, Pro tem 
Mrs. EULLA ROSSMAN 


The first session was held in the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church, 
Sunday afternoon, April 11th, at 3.30 o‘clock, with Mrs. Henry W. Pea- 
body, National Chairman, presiding. 


Hymn, “Lead On, O King.” 


Prayer, Dr. William L. Darby, Secretary Washington Federation of 
Churches. 


Hymn, “Faith of Our Fathers.” 
The message from President Coolidge was read by Mrs. Peabody. 


An Address was given by Mrs. Peabody, setting forth the aims, ideals 
and accomplishments of the Law Enforcement Committee. 


In the absence of the Secretary, Mrs. Frank Shuler, Mrs. Philip M. 
Rossman was appointed Secretary, pro tem. 


The following Business Committee was appointed: Mrs. Chauncey Ham- 
lin, New York; Mrs. Helm Bruce, Kentucky; Miss Hilda Olson, Massa- 
chusetts; Mrs. Bascom Copenhaver, Virginia; Mrs. Morris Carey, Mary- 
land; Mrs. George F. Rook, New York; and Mrs. Haines Lippincott, 
New Jersey. 


Report of the Commission of Church Women, Mrs. Fred S. Bennett, Chair- 
man, was presented by Mrs. H. E. Goodman, President of the Women’s 
Board of Foreign Missions of the Northern Baptist Convention, who moved 
its adoption. Seconded by Mrs. D. E. Waid. 


Mrs. Goodman spoke on Resolution No. 1. 

Miss Helen Davis, National Secretary Y.W.C.A., spoke on Resolution 
No. 2. 

Seventeen girls from a class of six hundred girls of the Calvary Baptist 
Church presented poster precepts. 

Mrs. F. W. Wilcox, Vice President of the Council of Women for Home 
Missions, spoke on Resolution No. 5, and brought greetings from the 
Inter-racial Commission in session in Birmingham, Ala. 

Mrs. E. C. Silverthorn, President of the Federation of Women’s Boards 
of Foreign Missions, spoke on Resolution No. 4. 

Mrs. Jeannette W. Emerich, Chairman of the Women’s Commission, 
Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America, spoke on Resolutions 
3 and 6. 

Mrs. D. E. Waid, Council of Women for Home Missions, summed up 
the discussion. 

Report adopted unanimously. 

Lt. Colonel Hamon of the Salvation Army spoke on the improved con- 
ditions since the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment. 

Mrs. W. L. Darby, Chairman of the Washington Committee on Law 
Enforcement, was introduced to the Convention. 

A solo, “Lest We Forget,” was sung by Mrs. Wayne B. Wheeler. 

Closing remarks and prayer made by Rey. William S. Abernethy, D.D., 
President of the Washington Federation of Churches. 


Adjourned. 


62 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


EVENING SESSION —*SUNDAY, APRIL 11 


The evening session was held in the Hall of Nations, Washington Hotel, 
with Mrs. Peabody presiding. 

A National Prayer Service was conducted by Mrs. Robert E. Speer, 
President National Young Women’s Christian Association. 

The Report of the Commission on Home Training for Observance of 
Law (see page 33), Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman, President General 
Federation of Women’s Clubs, was read by Mrs. Sippel of Baltimore. 

Report accepted. 

Voted, That a message of sympathy be sent Mrs. Sherman. 

Report of the Commission on Gains from Prohibition — Moral, Health 
and Economic (see page 35)—-was presented by the Chairman, Mrs. Ella 
A. Boole, National President Women’s Christian Temperance Union, who 
moved its adoption. Seconded by Mrs. Ida B. Smith. 

Report discussed by Mrs. Richards, President W.C.T.U. of Ohio; Mrs. 
Nelle G. Burger, President W.C.T.U. of Missouri; Mrs. Ida B. Smith, 
Vice President National W.C.T.U., and Mrs. Calbot Stevens, Boston, Mass. 

Report adopted. 

The following States reported representatives present at the Convention: 
Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Florida, Missis- 
sippi, South Carolina, Illinois, California, Iowa, Wyoming, Michigan, 
Washington and Idaho. 

Closing words and prayer were given by the Right Reverend James E. 
Freeman, D.D., Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Washington. 

Adjourned to meet at 2 p. m. Monday afternoon, the morning being 
given to the Hearings at the Senate Judiciary Committee. 


AFTERNOON SESSION — MONDAY, APRIL 12 


The session was held in the Hall of Nations, Washington Hotel, at 
2 p. m., Mrs. Henry W. Peabody presiding. 

Singing, “O God, Our Help.” 

Prayer, Dr. W. L. Darby, Secretary Federation of Churches, Washington. 

Mrs. Peabody reported briefly the morning Hearing before the Judiciary 
Committee of the Senate, at which members of the Convention testified in 
favor of Prohibition and against any modification of the Volstead Act. 


The Report of the Political Commission (see page 42) was given by 
Mrs. William Harrison Cade, Federation of Women’s Clubs of Illinois, 
who moved its adoption. Seconded by Mrs. Harvey Flint. 


Speakers on the report were: Mrs. Helm Bruce, Mrs. Harvey Flint, Mrs. 
Haines Lippincott, Mrs. Alice M. Heagy. 

Report adopted. 

Address by Professor Henry W. Farnam, Yale University. 

Address by Dr. Ellen Potter, Chairman of the Alcohol Permit Board 
of Pennsylvania. 

Report of Legal Commission (see page 44) was given by the Chairman, 
Mrs. Herbert J. Gurney, Chairman Woman’s Law Enforcement Committee 
of New England, who moved its adoption. Seconded by Mrs. William 
Tilton. 

Speakers to the report were: Mrs. William Tilton, Mrs. Harvey Flint. 


Report adopted. 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 63 


Address made by the Honorable Grant M. Hudson, Chairman of the 
Committee on Alcoholic Liquor Traffic, House of Representatives. 

Address by Hon. Louis Cramton, author of the Cramton Bill, House of 
Representatives. 

The Nominating Committee was appointed as follows: Mrs. H. E. Good- 
man, Mrs. Samuel Bens, Mrs. Herbert J. Gurney, Mrs. Helm Bruce, Mrs. 
William L. Darby. 

Mrs. Wallace Radcliffe invited the Convention to a Tea being given 
in the Lounge by the Reception Committee. 

Adjourned. 


MONDAY EVENING, APRIL 12 


The session was held in the First Congregational Church at 8 o’clock, 
Mrs. Peabody presiding. 

Hymn, ‘Lead On, O King Eternal.” 

Prayer by the Pastor, Dr. Jason Noble Pierce. 

Address by the Honorable Morris Sheppard, United States Senator from 
Texas, author of the Eighteenth Amendment. 

Address by General Lincoln C. Andrews, Assistant Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

Solo by Mr. John Nesbit, baritone, who sang by request ‘“The Old Flag 
Never Touched the Ground,” a song out of print, a copy being found in 
the Music Department of the Congressional Library. 

Address by Commander Stephen S. Yandell, Coast Guard. 

Address by William G. Shepherd of Collier’s. 

On receiving permission from the Chair, Congressman Upshaw of 
Georgia read “The Outlaw,’ a song dedicated to Prohibition. 

Adjourned. 


MORNING SESSION — TUESDAY, APRIL 13 


The session was held in the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church 
at 9.30 o’clock, Mrs. Peabody presiding. 

Hymn, “Faith of Our Fathers.” 

Prayer, Mrs. Philip M. Rossman, Council of Women for Home Missions. 

Report of the Commission on Education (page 48) was made by the 
Chairman, Mrs. William Tilton, Legislative Chairman Parent-Teacher 
Association, who moved its adoption. Seconded by Mrs. John Lowe. 

Speakers to the Report were: Miss Cora Stoddard, Scientific Temperance 
Society; Mrs. E. C. Cronk, Associate Editor of Everyland; Mrs. George 
Mathes, Director Illinois Council. 

Report adopted. 

Mrs. Peabody mentioned the splendid publicity being given this Con- 
vention by the Washington papers, the New York Times, World and 
Herald, and papers all over the country. 

Mrs. E. H. Silverthorn moved “that a vote of thanks be given to the 
newspapers of the country which have reported the Convention fully, 
accurately and sympathetically.” 

Voted. 

Mrs. Tilton presented the following resolution and moved its adoption. 
Seconded by Mrs. Goodman. Adopted. 

Address made by Miss Charl Williams, Field Secretary National Edu- 
cation Association. 


64 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


Address by Miss Grace Abbott, Children’s Bureau, Department of Labor. 


A message from Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr.. who was unable to 
attend the Convention, was read by Mrs. Peabody. 

The Convention adjourned to go to the White House, where it was 
received by President Coolidge. A picture of President Coolidge and the 
Convention was taken on the south lawn of the Executive grounds. 


AFTERNOON SESSION — TUESDAY, APRIL 13 


The Allegiance Luncheon was held in the Hall of Nations, Washington 
Hotel, at 1.30 p. m., Mrs. Harlan Fiske Stone presiding. 

Two numbers, “Sheep and Lambs,” Sidney Homer, and “Life,” Pearl 
Curran, were rendered by Ruby Smith Stahl. 

Mrs. Peabody introduced the Chairmen of State Law Enforcement Com- 
mittees and the distinguished guests at the luncheon, and read a letter 
from Dr. Horace Taft. 

Mrs. Darby announced that the registration for the Convention was 
609, representing 26 States and the District of Columbia. Mrs. Stone 
stated that similar meetings were being held all over the United States, 
150 having been thus far reported. 

Addresses were made by the Honorable John Garibaldi Sargent, Attor- 
ney General of the United States, and the Honorable Mabel Walker Wille- 
brandt, Assistant Attorney General of the United States. 

Greetings were presented by Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook, President of 
the Daughters of the American Revolution, and Mrs. Gifford Pinchot, 
wife of the Governor of Pennsylvania. 

On behalf of the Convention, Mrs. Peabody thanked the Washington 
Committee for its courtesy, hospitality and the admirable arrangements 
for the Convention. 

A message from Honorable Curtis D. Wilbur, Secretary of the Navy, 
was read. 

Mrs. Peabody read a message from Honorable Charles G. Dawes, Vice 
President of the United States. 

At the close of the luncheon the final business ‘session of the Convention 
was held, Mrs. Peabody in the chair. 

Report of the Commission on Organization and Method (see page 59) 
was read by the Chairman, Mrs. Samuel J. Bens, Chairman New York 
Law Enforcement Committee, who moved its adoption. Seconded by Mrs. 
Chauncy Hamlin. 

Report adopted. 

The Nominating Committee reported as follows: Chairman, Mrs. Henry 
W. Peabody, Beverly, Mass.; 1st Vice Chairman, Mrs. Roswell Miller, 
New York, N. Y.; 2nd Vice Chairman, Mrs. Gordon Norrie, New York, 
N. Y.; Secretary, Mrs. Frank Shuler, New York, N. Y.; Treasurer, Miss 
Hilda Olson, Cambridge, Mass. Executive Committe, Chairman, Mrs. 
W. L. Darby; Officers of National Committee; One representative ap- 
pointed by each afhliated organization; ex officio, Chairmen State Law 
Enforcement Committees. Executive Committee to appoint Committee at 
Large. 


Mrs. Goodman, Chairman of Nominating Committee, moved the adop- 
tion of the Report. Seconded by Mrs. Herbert Gurney. 
Report was adopted and the officers declared elected. 
Adjourned. 
EULLA T. ROSSMAN, Secretary pro tem. 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 65 


ADDRESSES 
of the CONVENTION 


ADDRESS by 
Hon. Morris SHEPPARD 


Senator from Texas; Author of the Eighteenth Amendment 


INE have the wets demonstrated more completely the inherent 
weakness of*their cause than at the hearings now in progress 
before the Senate Judiciary Committee. Exaggerations by many of 
their witnesses have been so patent and so grotesque, misrepresenta- 
tions so numerous and so absurd that the whole procedure, so far 
as wet testimony is concerned, has taken on the appearance of a 
gigantic farce-—a one hundred per cent farce—not a half of one 
per cent this time. For instance, a Federal district attorney said 
that 60 million gallons of industrial alcohol were being diverted 
annually into intoxicating liquor, and another witness said in effect 
that every home had become a distillery or a brewery. The district 
attorney based his calculation on his assertion that immediately be- 
fore prohibition went into effect nationally, 20 million gallons were 
being used in the industries. He missed the truth by about 30 
million gallons, and his final figures were still more fallacious. Com- 
pared to this district attorney Baron Munchausen was a paragon 
of accuracy. The statement of the other witness was a false and 
unqualified slander on the American home. As a matter of fact 
the wets, in their efforts to resist the sentiment for righteousness 
in law and government are rushing like madmen lost in the chaos 
of an impossible dream. “They belong to a dead age. Evidently 
many of them have not yet heard that Napoleon returned from 
Elba or that Queen Victoria finally passed away. ‘They do not 
understand that a new era has dawned in the United States,—an 
era marked by the determination of a vast majority of the American 
people to stand as never before for the integrity of law and its 
enforcement. They do not understand the real reason for the 
Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act. ‘These measures 
did not result primarily from the crusade for temperance and total 
abstinence,—the crusade for better persosal habits,—praiseworthy 
and inspiring as that movement was. They came about because the 
liquor traffic was an inveterate breaker of the law,—because it defied 
every law for its regulation and placed its foul and corrupting 
hands on government itself. We had reached a point where law 


66 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


could no longer recognize a force that outlawed law. It is true 
the liquor traffic, branded as a criminal and an outcast, with its 
allies among the so-called upper classes, the social buttercups and 
gutterpups, is enabled to maintain a clandestine existence along with 
the violators of all other laws, but it is infinitely less menacing 
than in the days of the legalized distillery, brewery and saloon, and 
must go the way of all evil and all crime. The bootlegger is our 
next problem, a problem we will solve, but a far simpler problem 
than that of the open saloon with its glittering temptations, its 
political power, and its infamous companions,—the gambling hall, 
the house of prostitution, the white slave trade. 

In view of these facts the wets have about as much chance to 
bring back the legalized liquor traffic, to repeal the Eighteenth 
Amendment or to destroy it under the guise of light wine and dark 
beer amendment to the Volstead Act as a hummingbird has to fly 
to the planet Mars. “They have a better chance to bring back the 
woolly rhinoceros, the saber-tooth tiger and the Heidelberg man. 
It may be that after imbibing a little bootleg whiskey some people 
may imagine that such a period has returned, but these ancient 
things are gone forever. “The bartender and the saloon keeper have 
joined them and are soon to be followed by the bootlegger as an- 
other relic ef departed ages. 

Probably the most amusing of all the performers of the wet cir- 
cus are the so-called constitutional lawyers and their so-called con- 
stitutional arguments about personal liberty. You would think 
from what these gentlemen say that all the great documents of 
English and American freedom,—the Magna Charta, the Bills of 
Rights, the first charter of Virginia, the Mayflower Compact, the 
Massachusetts Body of Liberties, the Fundamental Orders of Con- © 
necticut, the Declaration of Independence, the Mecklenburg Dec- 
laration, the Articles of Confederation, the Federal Constitution, 
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, the Emancipation Proclamation and 
the Battle Hymn of the Republic were all written for the express 
benefit of the rum-runner and the bootlegger in the year of our 
Lord, 1926,—and in the year A. P. (after prohibition) 7. From 
what these gentlemen say it was not at Runnymede that English 
liberties were wrested from King John,—it was Rummy-mede. Ac- 
cording to their philosophy the greatest battle of the American 
Revolution was not Yorktown, not Saratoga, not Lexington, not 
Cowpens, not King’s Mountain, not Bunker Hill,—it was Brandy- 
wine. ‘They do not seem to grasp the fundamental fact that liberty 
must be defined in terms of human welfare,—that the liberty of 
women and children to have a decent and comfortable existence is 
superior to the liberty of men and women to debauch themselyes,— 
that the person who will not subordinate appetite to the general 
well-being is not a good American. 

Enormous decreases in the consumption of intoxicating liquors 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 67 


and a consequent improvement in the economic condition of the 
masses are among the benefits already flowing from prohibition. 
Breweries have been changed into banks, distilleries into flour mills, 
saloons into business houses of every legitimate type, with tre- 
mendous increments in realty values. Fiegenspan and Busch are 
making temperance drinks and I next expect to hear that Von Hin- 
denburg and the Kaiser are breeding doves. 

Men of the type of Judge Gary of the Steel Corporation, Presi- 
dent Edgerton of the National Association of Manufacturers, rail- 
road presidents like Gray of the Union Pacific, Harahan of the 
Chesapeake and Ohio, Storey of the Santa Fe, cotton manufacturers 
like Schoolfield and Comer are a unit in acclaiming from personal 
knowledge the blessings already realized by the working masses 
from prohibition. Judge Gary, head of an organization employing 
more than 300,000 people, tells us that the improvement in the 
condition of these people during the last few years is one of the 
most remarkable chapters ever written in the history of civilization 
and is attributable to prohibition. Evangeline Booth, of the Salva- 
tion Army, an organization more intimately in touch perhaps than 
all others with families impoverished by drink in pre-prohibition 
days, tells us that a marvelous change for the better has already 
occurred. 

To the claim that our prohibition laws are in conflict with the 
historic doctrine of American individualism, an interference on the 
part of government with individual liberty, we need but reply that 
no more vicious and more terrible menace ever threw a more sin- 
ister shadow over individual initiative, freedom and opportunity 
than that which comes from the liquor habit and the liquor traffic. 

In the struggle between law and order on the one side and 
liquor anarchy on the other, there can be but one result, — the 


triumph of prohibition. 


68 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


MABEL WALKER WILLEBRANDT 
Assistant United States Attorney General 


IN RESPONSE TO A GREETING AT THE LUNCHEON 
APRIL 13 


SAW carved in the marble of the new Nebraska State capitol 

building two sentences, — “The salvation of the state is watch- 
fulness of the citizen,’ and ‘‘Political society exists for the sake of 
noble living.’’ Despoilers of government and those indifferent to 
the Constitution have insisted upon the protection of the laws when 
their personal rights are jeopardized, but they have failed to appre- 
ciate the real kernel and purpose of all government, all laws, all 
civic effort — the purpose of achieving, individually and as a nation, 
increased opportunity to live on a nobler plane. 

Women, in the main unrestricted by enmeshing political com- 
promises and obligations, are best fitted to insist upon noble living 
as the purpose of constitutional government. The storm of talk 
and argument over the wisdom, the form, the political expediency 
of the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment, may obscure for a 
time, but it cannot permanently hide the fact that what brought the 
Eighteenth Amendment was that the great majority of the Amer- 
ican people seek to make government more surely guarantee con- 
ditions of civic cleanliness and individual uprightness. Whatever 
mistakes may be listed in the first six years of effort to enforce the 
amendment, the purpose back of it which gave it birth is more 
clearly seen and believed in than ever before. 

When so overwhelming a majority of the states adopted pro- 
hibition policies of their own prior to the adoption of it as a federal 
policy, we are forced to conclude that in the development of gov- 
ernments there is an inevitable movement toward protection and 
guarantee of opportunity for sobriety and righteousness as well as 
the well accepted guarantees of business and financial privilege and 
liberty. That these moral purposes in government have been brought 
about oftentimes by the vote of men whose own lives did not meas- 
ure up to the standards their vote set, only proves that they felt 
the pressure from the people behind them and yielded to the inevit- 
ableness of the civic trend. It further proves the tremendous and 
unmeasured power of woman opinion throughout the country. It 
is irrefutable that, generally speaking, women stand for law, for 
government guaranteeing the best possible conditions to bring out 
the noblest in human nature, for prohibition and the stamping out 
of liquor, narcotics, and social vice, the admitted enemies of the 
youth of any nation. More concessions were made to this inchoate 
“opinion of the women’ when they were first enfranchised in 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 69 


formidable numbers than at present; and the answer is not because 
women have changed their desire for these righteous aims of civic 
life, but because they have, in many instances, relaxed in the vigi- 
lant assertion of that interest and have, as a consequence, lost po- 
litical influence. Underworld forces in political life that at first 
conceded to the so-called woman vote in each party now have rallied 
and are doing battle against the extension of such ideas which em- 
brace the complete destruction of their cherished rendezyous and 
stations of power. 

“The salvation of the state is watchfulness of the citizen.’ Par- 
ticularly to this group should it mean watchfulness of the women. 
While men are the physical defenders of a nation in times of war, 
women increasingly, by their great national organizations, are com- 
ing to be the defenders of its laws and highest constitutional aims 
in times of peace. Watchful units of women, taking their stand 
within the party of their choice, and through their non-political so- 
cial groups, can keep public officials delivering their very best, even 
though through the recurrent accidents of popular elections such 
officials may sometimes be the kind that, unwatched, would slight 
the task in hand. Women can set social standards on the founda- 
tion of law observance. “They can make it stylish to observe law, 
and surely their minds are facile enough to find sources of so-called 
humor outside the bootlegger jingle. 

A lawless element grows always as a parasite upon a dead or 
dormant civic body. Look to whether your community is a good 
market for liquor. If it is, it is bound to be a breeding place for 
defiance of the Constitution and ridicule of authority, more silken, 
but quite as dangerous as a rendezvous of so-called “reds.’’ As 
for me, I have no greater fear for my Government being torn down 
by active attack than I have for it to be rotted by self-indulgence, 
evasion, hypocrisy, and graft. And I know the latter are not caused 
by prohibition but are revealed by the efforts to enforce it. Bribers, 
once harbored in low-dive saloons into which most citizens never © 
looked, are now turned out into the pitiless searchlight of popular 
view and scorn. To point out these wharf-rats of lawlessness crawl- 
ing away from their burning harbor and -ask, as some voices may be 
heard to do today, that because of fear of them, this sovereign nation 
should retreat in the campaign it has publicly undertaken to enforce 
prohibition is to me only cowardly surrender in the middle of a 
heroic task. How much truer to American ideals it is to stand as 
Joshua did in the midst of a fearful and indecisive people and hold 
fast to the Constitution today as he did to divine power, then, saying: 

“But as for me and my house, we will serve the Lord.” 


70 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


ADDRESS by 
COMMANDER STEPHEN YANDELL, Coast Guard 


Nee are assembled here, I take it, for the purpose of lending your 
moral support to the efforts of the Federal Government to 
enforce the statutes of the United States and to uphold the Con- 
stitution. I am not here to discuss any matter of a controversial 
nature. Even if I would, I could not, with propriety, as an officer 
in the service of the United States, discuss, at a public meeting of 
this. character, the advantages or disadvantages, the merits or de- 
merits, the wisdom or the unwisdom, of the prohibition law. Surely 
the subject of supporting the Constitution of the United States, of 
enforcing the laws placed upon the statute books by the representa- 
tives of the people in Congress assembled, and the duty of every citi- 
zen to obey the law as solemnly enacted, are outside the realm of 
controversy and argument. “The United States Coast Guard, like 
every other branch of the Federal Government, was created by, and 
is supported and continued by, the people of this country. I am 
here to tell you something of what the Coast Guard is doing, and of 
the spirit in which it is doing it, to carry out its particular duty with 
respect to the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution. 

What is the particular sphere of activity with which the Coast 
Guard is charged in this matter? One of the duties imposed by 
law upon the Service at the time of its creation, in 1790, and con- 
tinuing to this day, is the protection of the customs laws of the 
United States. In the early years of the history of this country 
there was considerable smuggling by sea, when swift sailing craft 
would steal into secluded bays and inlets and endeavor to land mer- 
chandise without paying the prescribed customs dues. The Coast 
Guard cutters had to combat this activity, which they succeeded in 
stamping out, and smuggling of that character practically disappeared 
and was almost unheard of until its resumption, in the form of liquor 
smuggling, following the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment. 

The Coast Guard is not charged with the duty of enforcing the 
prohibition laws; it is charged with the duty of preventing the 
smuggling of intoxicating liquor into the United States from the 
sea. It is, of course, perfectly obvious that as the Coast Guard 
succeeds in stopping the importations from the sea of intoxicating 
liquor, it contributes, to just that extent, in an indirect way, to 
the enforcement of the prohibition law. 

Many people now read about the Coast Guard with, I am 
afraid, little knowledge of its history or of its long established 
functions. I believe, then, that I may, with advantage, first try 
to give you some idea of what the Coast Guard really is and some 
conception of its splendid traditions and record of honorable ser- 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 71 


vice, because these things have a direct bearing on its ability to 
perform any work it has to do. 

The Coast Guard is now in its 136th year. It is one of the 
oldest organizations under the Federal Government. Created by 
an Act of the First Congress, approved by President Washington 
on August 4, 1790, it has made, through its history of over a cen- 
tury and a quarter, an honorable and distinguished record of ser- 
vice, both in peace and in war. Constituting, under the law, a 
part of the military forces of the United States, its military his- 
tory is in keeping with the highest traditions of the armed forces 
of the nation. 

When the War of the Revolution was won, the Continental 
Navy was disbanded and the Coast Guard formed the only de- 
fense of the young republic afloat until a navy was organized, a 
few years later. ‘The first commission issued by President Wash- 
ington to any officer afloat was that bestowed upon Hopley Yeaton, 
of New Hampshire, as a captain in the Coast Guard. ‘The Presi- 
dent was authorized by the Congress to use the cutters to defend 
the seacoasts and the maritime commerce of the United States. 
From that time to this, the Service has played a distinguished part 
in every war in which this country has been engaged. 

Do you know that of the 22 prizes captured by the United 
States during the difficulties with France, in 1798 and 1799, the 
Coast Guard cutters captured 18, unaided, and assisted in the 
capture of two others; that a Coast Guard vessel made the first 
capture during the War of 1812; that the piracy which prevailed 
during the first part of the 19th century in the Gulf of Mexico 
and in the Caribbean Sea owed its suppression chiefly to the Coast 
Guard; that the cutters participated actively in the Seminole Indian 
War, in the Mexican War, in the Paraguayan Expedition in 1858 
and in the Civil War; that the famous dispatch sent by the Sec- 
retary of the Treasury, General John A. Dix, which contained 
the direction “If any man attempts to haul down the American 
flag, shoot him on the spot,’ was transmitted on the evening of 
January 15, 1861, for the purpose of retaining under the control 
of the Federal Government the U. S. Coast Guard Cutter Robert 
McLelland, then in the port of New Orleans; that vessels of the 
Coast Guard. fought alongside vessels of the Navy in the Spanish 
War, on the coast of Cuba and at the Battle of Cardenas, and that 
a Coast Guard cutter was with Admiral Dewey’s fleet at the 
Battle of Manila Bay? When the United States entered the 
World War, the entire Coast Guard, in accordance with law, 
passed into the Naval Establishment. Coast Guard vessels fought 
submarines and performed escort and patrol duty in the European 
war zone, and officers and men of the Service served with dis- 
tinction in almost every phase of naval activity. ‘The sinking of 
the Coast Guard Cutter Tampa, after safely escorting her convoy 


72 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


to an English port, by an enemy submarine on September 26, 1918, 
when every soul on board—115 in all—was lost, constituted, with 
one exception, the largest individual loss sustained by United States. 
naval forces during the war. 

I like to refer to the Coast Guard as the “peace and war’’ ser- 
vice. In time of peace it maintains a constant readiness for war, 
and is prepared to pass into our great Naval Establishment on 24 
hours’ notice. It is a real part of the national defense. Further- 
more, it is charged with a large number of important peacetime 
duties, most of which are essentially humanitarian in their char- 
acter. When the country is at peace, the Coast Guard must con- 
tinue to wage a war of its own for the protection of ships and 
sailormen against the ever-present menace of the dangers of the 
sea—an enemy that never sleeps or signs treaties. Its most im- 
portant function in time of peace is the inspiring duty of saving 
life and property at sea. Its ships cruise actively along our coasts 
at all times, and particularly in the most dangerous conditions of 
weather, to render aid to vessels in distress. In addition to the 
ships and supplementing their work in rescuing human life, a 
cordon of some 277 Coast Guard stations (formerly known as 
life-saving stations) protects our shores. Is the Coast Guard accom- 
plishing anything worth while in this rescue and assistance work 
at sea? Listen to the record. 


1920-1925 
Lives saved or persons rescued from peril . . . 14,730 
Persons on ‘board ‘vessels *assisted 99> %) 120. 84,691 
Persons in distress cared for At oa Bs erring 3,477 


Value of vessels assisted (including cargoes) er, S26 7817 5 Obes 


Derelicts and other obstructions to navigation re- 


moved or destroyed : ; 250 
Value of derelicts recovered Hl deliveren 6 owners 2,858,010 
Vessels boarded and papers examined . . . . 157,338 
Regattas and marine’ parades,patrolled’) 27 9 9.7: 104 
Vessels seized or reported for violation of law . . 8,031 
Fines and penalties incurred by vessels reported . $1,739,734 


The Coast Guard clears away derelicts and other, floating ob- 
structions to navigation that constitute, until removed, a very real 
menace to ships at sea. It maintains the International Ice Patrol 
along the trans-Atlantic steamer lanes, where the iceberg menace 
once took the lives of the hundreds of men and women who went 
to their death on the Titanic. ‘The cutters keep weary but con- 
stant vigil, during the iceberg season, out in the fog banks of the 
North Atlantic, flashing out their radio warnings and enabling 
the great ocean liners to pass safely through this danger zone of 
peace. It is gratifying to state that since the Coast Guard took 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 73 


charge of this patrol, some eleven years ago, there has not been a 
single life lost by collision with icebergs or ice fields in the North 
Atlantic. The cutters protect the seal herds and other fisheries 
in Bering $ea and visit the remote parts of Alaska, carrying medi- 
cal aid and the benefits of law and civilization to the whites and 
natives in those far northern regions. A Coast Guard ship, the 
famous old Bear, now over 51 years old, makes a cruise each year 
year to Point Barrow, in the Arctic Ocean, the northernmost 
settlement in American territory. “The Coast Guard helps to en- 
force the navigation laws, enforces the anchorage regulations in 
our large seaports, and protects human life at regattas and large 
marine parades. ‘The Service performs duty for practically every 
Department of the Government, in some form or another. 

I have tried, in these few minutes, to give you some inkling 
of what the Coast Guard is. 

It seems to me, my friends, that in all the discussion about the 
laws of this country against intoxicating liquor, there is no situa- 
tion more calculated to stir the indignation of every red-blooded, 
patriotic American citizen than the presence off our coasts of for- 
eign vessels, manned by foreigners and financed by foreigners in 
partnership with disreputable and traitorous Americans, hovering 
there for the express purpose of flaunting the dignity and power 
of this, the greatest nation in the world. Whether a man is an 
advocate of national prohibition or not, does he wish to see vessels 
flying foreign flags, and protected through their registration under 
foreign governments, hovering off our coasts, that no foreign ship 
in time of war would dare approach, for the specific purpose of 
importing liquor into this country in violation of the American 
Constitution ? 

Who are these men who are fighting the battle of law and 
order at Sea. The personnel of the Coast Guard consists of com- 
missioned officers, warrant officers, and enlisted men. ‘The com- 
missioned officers of the regular Service, only 127 in number, are 
educated and trained as cadets for three years at the Coast Guard 
Academy at New London, Conn. ‘They hold the same rank upon 
graduation, and as they are promoted from grade to grade, as 
their brother officers in the Army and Navy. ‘They are making 
the Coast Guard their life career and their one absorbing purpose 
in life is to uphold the honor and prestige of their Service. The 
warrant officers are former enlisted men who have been promoted 
to the warrant grade after rigid examination and after long and 
faithful service. The additional commissioned and warrant off- 
cers, who have been taken temporarily into the Service, have been 
appointed after competitive examinations and the most careful scru- 
tiny of their qualifications and records. ‘The great majority are 
men with long and honorable records of previous service in the Coast 
Guard or in the United States Navy. 


74 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


And what of the enlisted men? ‘They are exactly the same type 
of young Americans, enlisted in the same manner and with the same 
care, subject to the same rigid discipline as are the young fellows 
in the Army or Navy. 

Such are the officers and men who upheld the flag and the dignity 
of the nation in the World War; who are upholding them now, in 
time of peace; and who are prepared to defend the country in armed 
conflict tomorrow, if the need should arise. 


ADDRESS by 


WILLIAM G. SHEPHERD 
of Collier's Magazine 


i| DESIRE to call your attention this evening to a certain recent 
period of about 1,000 days in American history. 

During that period there was intense local activity in the legis- 
latures of our 48 states. Our national government at Washington 
sat in quietude and tranquility while this tumult and struggle took 
place within the various states. 

This period of activity began December 18, 1917, when the 65th 
Congress asked the several states to vote on the Prohibition Amend- 
ment. Within 393 days the thirty-sixth state, Nebraska, had rati- 
fied the amendment and within 758 days Prohibition was the law 
of the land. It had been voted into effect by our state legislatures. 
But during this 1,000 days our state legislatures had another great 
problem to settle. Five hundred and forty-one days after the con- 
gress had asked the legislatures to vote on the Prohibition amendment 
they asked those same legislatures to cast the vote of their states as 
to whether or not women should be given the vote by a constitutional 
amendment. 

Only 148 days before this the thirty-sixth state had ratified the 
Prohibition amendment. 

The legislatures were not so quick to pass the woman’s suffrage 
amendment as they were the Prohibition amendment. It required 
393 days to secure the thirty-sixth state on Prohibition and 439 days 
to secure the vote of “Tennessee the thirty-sixth state to ratify 
woman’s suffrage. “The establishment of these two epochal amend- 
ments was practically concurrent. 

On January 16, 1920, Prohibition became a law. ‘Two hundred 
and forty days later woman’s suffrage became a law. ‘That date, 


WASHINGTON CONVENIION 75 


August 26, 1920, and November 2, 1920 when women first voted 
on a presidential election and exercised the right to hold federal 
office, ends our 1,000-day epoch. 

It ends that great 1,000-day activity in our 48 state legislatures. 

I have said that the headquarters of our national government was 
tranquil and undisturbed during these 1,000 days. ‘That was true 
enough. America was making a great national effort, but it was 
making it locally, in the various states. 

Since the end of that period of 1,000 days, however, the federal 
government has had no tranquility regarding Prohibition. And in 
my opinion much of the local activities of the states in regard to 
Prohibition enforcement ended after state legislatures had voted in 
favor of the Prohibition amendment. 

I firmly believe also that much of the government’s lack of tran- 
quility due to Prohibition enforcement is due to the existence of the 
suffrage amendment. 

To put it plainly Prohibition and woman’s suffrage are inseparable. 
The two laws were born together. “The same era and the same 
American idealism produced them. 

‘They are Siamese twins. One will not die unless the other dies. 

If Prohibition dies, woman’s suffrage might as well die too. 

When woman’s suffrage dies, or when it becomes paralyzed, Pro- 
hibition will cease to exist. 

You have been on capitol hill today to talk to the legislators there. 
As a writer I know how puzzled these legislators are in regard to 
Prohibition enforcement. “They are anxiously seeking out public 
opinion. But I also know how they feel about women voters. “They 
are more afraid of women voters than most men are of General 
Andrews’ Prohibition agents. 

It is this fear of women’s votes today that is keeping Prohibition 
enforcement alive. It is the influence of women voters that keeps 
our legislators voting dry. 

The questionnaire which Collier’s magazine conducted some 
months ago proved the wetness of men voters as compared with the 
dryness of women voters. A bare one-half of the men believed 
Prohibition could be enforced while three-fourths of the women 
felt that the law could be made to work. 

From a constant investigation as a magazine writer of Prohibition 
since the first year of its existence I tell you tonight that if the 
women of America let go, America will turn reeking wet over night. 
And, if the motherhood of America does ever let go, it will serve 
us right if America agains turns to the saloon or its equivalent. But 
the motherhood and the womanhood of America will NOT let go. 
In all human history motherhood has never run away. It is not 
running away tonight in America. It is gathering tonight at the 
front, in over half of the states of the Union. A call has come from 
threatened firesides and you are here gathered for battle. 


76 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


The best lesson in Prohibition law enforcement I have ever had 
came from a rum runner. Commander Billard gave me permission, 
as a reporter, to take my lead pencils and a camera man out on Rum 
Row in his Coast Guard boats. One evening, far out from shore, 
we came across a rum runner’s boat that had broken down. ‘There 
were two men in it. One of them we took aboard the Coast Guard 
boat and the other, accompanied by a Coast Guard man, ran his 
crippled boat into shore to be arrested. 

I turned loose on the unlucky individual aboard our boat. "They 
had put him down into the kitchen, Commander-galley, I believe 
you sea men call it, and he was at my tender mercies for almost 
two hours. 

He was the most enthusiastic wet I ever saw. 

You know, Commander, how your Coast Guard men shoot when 
a rum runner tries to get away. It’s like a battle. 

“T don’t see how you fellows dare to run away from that fire,” 
I said to this rum runner. 

“Ts it really bad?” he asked me. ‘Do they fire many shots?” 

I assured him they did. 

“You can’t hear anybody talking on deck when the one-pounder 
and the Lewis machine guns are going,” I said. 

“Well, of course we don’t hear that,” he said quietly, “I’m too 
busy doing my stuff to worry. My engines make such a roar and 
I’m so busy that I don’t hear the guns. Of course there are lots of 
splashes on the water around me but they don’t make any noise.” 

My rum runner friend was an active wet. A thousand drys 
as bravely active as he was, daring death and too busy at the job 
of being dry to worry about it, could make a dent in alcohol in this 
country. 

Another thing about your prisoner that night, was that he realized 
that being wet paid him. It was money in his pocket to be wet. 
He told me; good money. 

How many drys in this land realize that there is any profit for 
them in being dry? 

Perhaps you may say there are none. But there are. ‘There are 
millions of mothers in America tonight with sons and daughters to 
protect who know that they have more to gain, than any bootlegger, 
by keeping America dry. We don’t hear as much from these mothers 
as we do from bootleggers and their wet friends. ‘This is because 
mothers have not yet learned how to fight with the earnestness of 
bootleggers. 

One last thing about your prisoner, Commander. He wasn’t 
worrying about national Prohibition. He was too busy keeping 
himself, his own affairs and his own community wet to worry about 
whether other communities were dry or not. 

He was keeping his own little corner of the world damp. Wet- 
ness was a local issue with him. 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION Bi 


“Dry up the corner where you are’ — Prohibition is always a 
local affair. The wet makes it a local affair; the bootlegger makes 
it a local affair. Until the drys, until you ladies who are determined 
to have Prohibition enforcement, make it a local affair, you will 
find the wets and the bootleggers winning the battle. 


You have asked me to speak to you tonight as a reporter. I have 
done so. I have told you what one reporter has discovered in re- 
porting Prohibition. 

May I leave you with a suggestion which comes from inside 
newspaper experience. 

Much of the American press is dry. But even the dryest news- 
papers joke about Prohibition. I see no joke in American mother- 
hood and fatherhood trying to protect its home. It isn’t honest 
discussion of Prohibition. It’s joking about it, that hurts it. Here 
is my tip. If you have a joking editor in your town, go to him and 
tell him that in all fairness you can have no objection to his dis- 
cussing the pros and cons of Prohibition in his columns but that you 
think he ought to do this manfully and earnestly, without cheap 
joking and ridicule. If this editor does not agree with you on this 
fair proposition, then go to the merchants of that town who advertise 
most extensively in his newspaper. ‘Tell them that you want them 
to ask that editor to stop belittling the finest effort a nation ever 
made toward decency. ‘The advertisers will take care of the rest, 
never fear. “Thank you. 


ADDRESS by 
LINCOLN C. ANDREWS 


Assistant Secretary of the Treasury 


Bay the earliest days I have welcomed the assumption, by Amer- 
ican women, of the civic responsibilities of Government. I 
am therefore particularly glad for this demonstration of your will- 
ingness and desire to meet these responsibilities; and for this 
opportunity to point out to you my conception of the requirements 
of the present situation. 

To act intelligently and effectively, one must always first analyze 
the problem in hand—in this case the present need for law enforce- 
ment. Let us therefore give first consideration to those of its 
fundamental elements whose importance we must all accept: 

First. We are happily living under a popular form of Govern- 
ment—a representative Government. Our laws are made and en- 


78 LAW FNFORCEMENT 


forced by ourselves through agents whom we elect to office, and 
others whom these elected representatives appoint to office. 

We have assumed the responsibilities of self-government. If we 
fail in this responsibility, Government fails, and we have shown 
ourselves unworthy this high trust. 

Laws themselves, the execution of these laws—Government itself 
—are what the people make them. “They come up out of the people, 
and have no higher authority or excellence than the people put into 
them. 

We speak easily of the necessity for respect for law—and that 
is true. But the mere enunciation of the fact does not secure this 
respect. Let us analyze this for a minute. 

What is law? When the preponderating majority of public 
opinion has accepted a rule of living as necessary for community 
welfare, when it is generally accepted that a certain standard of 
individual conduct !s essential for the well-being of the community, 
then this rule or standard of conduct is written into a law, and 
penalties afixed for its violation, in order that the recalcitrant 
minority may be forced to live in accordance with the accepted 
standard. 

Law, therefore, presents two phases which are essential to its 
success—its observance by the preponderating majority, and its en- 
forcement upon the lawless minority. 

While we are here particularly considering the enforcement phase, 
is it not clear that you women of the country must give prime con- 
sideration also to the observance phase? 

Applying these fundamental considerations to the Prohibition Law, 
I think it vitally important that both you and all civic organizations 
interested in the successful consummation of this national ideal 
should immediately and earnestly give your most intelligent and 
purposeful effort to establishment, throughout the communities of 
this country, of a state of mind which will make law observance 
much more popular. You can hasten the day when the _ hostess 
will feel apologetic for serving cocktails, rather than feel apologetic 
for not serving them. You may even bring about such public 
sentiment that every officer of Government, in all its branches, 
sworn to support the Constitution and the laws of his country, will 
shrink from being personally a violator of the law. This is no small 
task imposed upon you, but I honestly believe that it is an essential 
element in the solution of our problem. 

Let us now turn to the enforcement phase. Law enforcement, 
the function of Government, is accomplished through the courts 
appointed to punish the wilful law violators. It is a too common 
error of public opinion to hold the policeman responsible for law 
enforcement. Any thoughtful person must see that enforcement is 
successful only when the criminal knows that if caught in his crime 
his punishment is certain, prompt and final. And this punishment 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 79 


must always result from court action. The policeman and the 
Prohibition Agent can only discover the evidence of crime, arrest 
the criminal, and turn him over to the judicial machine. The next 
step is invariably the release, on bail, of the accused criminal, await- 
ing the time of his trial. 

Our Constitution guarantees to each of these accused the right 
to a speedy trial. ‘The complicated conditions of modern living, 
and the multiplicity of laws, have far outstripped the developments 
of judicial procedure and machinery to meet them; and we see, in 
many jurisdictions, a condition which renders this constitutional 
right abortive and the administration of justice frequently so de- 
layed as practically to defeat its purpose. 

While these conditions demand serious attention and correction 
through legislative action, a matter of serious concern to you, it is 
not alone the inadequacy of machinery and procedure which must 
be considered. In many instances public opinion and a keen public 
interest in the selection of officers, and in the conduct of office on 
the part of those already selected, may do much to speed up the 
existing judicial machinery and to make it function more effectively 
for law enforcement. 

I have given this matter most earnest consideration and am ask- 
ing you to do the same. We recognize clearly that law enforcement 
is dependent upon intelligent, loyal team-work between the Pro- 
hibition Unit, which makes the cases against the accused, and the 
judicial machine, which prosecutes these cases in court and pro- 
nounces the sentence upon the guilty. My whole organization in 
the field has been set up to make this practicable. Our unit of 
organization is the Federal judicial district, and in this the chief 
enforcement officer is instructed to team up with the Federal Dis- 
trict Attorney and, working in collaboration with him, under the 
guidance of the best legal counsel we can obtain, make such cases 
as will be most conductive to law enforcement in the district. 

I will speak of just one other phase of law enforcement, because 
we must have your understanding and active support in putting our 
policy into effect. When the people wrote the Eighteenth Amend- 
ment, in its provision for concurrent jurisdiction, the people signed 
a joint note for Nation and for States. “They made both responsible 
for the enforcement of the law. But one cannot consider the his- 
tory of the evolution of this National Prohibition Law, nor even 
read the Eighteenth Amendment, without realizing that it was, 
and is, the part of the Federal Government to stop the commercial 
traffic in liquor, while it is equally the duty of the states and com- 
munities to exercise the local police power so far as regards the small 
operators and distributors. ‘The Federal function of eliminating 
the sources of supply and of eliminating the commercial traffic in 
liquor, is so difficult a problem as to command all our best energies. 
We actually accomplish very much less when we divert any par- 


80 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


ticular energies to the local police problem. ‘The states and com- 
munities have ample judicial machinery, and hundreds of thousands 
of policemen already in existence, and are easily able to carry their 
end of the work. The Federal Government stands by to be helpful, 
to point the way, and to encourage in every way local law enforce- 
ment. ‘lo this phase of our work we have been giving marked at- 
tention recently, and with gratifying results. More and more, 
throughout the country, local officials are assuming their responsibili- 
ties, and more and more the Federal forces thus released are finding 
means for eliminating sources of supply and wiping out, through 
arrest and punishment, the large operators in the liquor traffic. In 
the development of this essential phase of law enforcement, in mak- 
ing sure that local officials, both police and court, are performing 
their functions faithfully, you citizens of the Republic will do most 
for the ultimate success of your n&tional ideal. 

In the meantime, I may assure you that with the added facilities 
which I am confident that the present Congress will give us, and 
with the experience of the last few months to guide us, you will 
see great progress made in the performance of our part of this 
great task. 


My dear Mrs. Peabody: 

Thank you most heartily for your kind invitation to be present on the 
occasion of so much encouragement and inspiration as you good women 
have planned. I wish very much that I could be with you but I find it 
impossible. 

I can only say that what I have seen and heard of the wholehearted 
enthusiasm and courage of the women has made me feel still more con- 
fident that this great nation will go forward on the right track to strict 
enforcement of law. 

I must not take your time but will repeat a story that I have told to many 
audiences of women. It is the story of Amanda Robinson of the town of 
Torrington, Connecticut. The local paper printed a notice saying: “Miss 
Amanda Robinson has given up her idea of an artistic career and has 
made up her mind to marry a struggling young lawyer of Thomaston.” 
The editor printed under this notice the remark: “We know Amanda and 
if she has made up her mind that young man might as well quit struggling.” 

I hope that you will perfect your organizations in every part of the 
country and please do not forget little Connecticut, and in connection with 
organizations I will tell another story and stop. 

A darky driver on a stage coach in Texas was showing with pride to a 
gentleman who was on the box with him, his skill with the whip; he flecked 
a fly from the horse’s neck; he took a leaf from a tree which he had pre- 
viously pointed out. After riding along they came to a hornet’s nest which 
hung within easy reach. The gentleman urged him to take a shot at that. 
He demurred. He said he could easily hit it. ‘Yes, boss, I knows that. 
But I don’t try no such thing as dat. Dem fellows is organized.” The 
politicians are beginning to feel that way about some people I know. 

With all good wishes for the success of this great meeting, I am 


Very sincerely yours, 
Horace D. Tart. 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 81 


REMARKS of 
MIss CorRA FRANCES STODDARD 


HE very first defined command of which we have record in this 
‘ whole Book is given us in_ those marvelously simple words: 
And God said, ‘Let there be light!’” Down through all those 
countless ages, man has said, “Send out Thy light and Thy truth; 
let them lead me!” as he set his feet in that path of upward 
progress which we believe is leading him to the plane where God 
means him to be. 

We sang here a few minutes ago these lines: “And through the 
truth which comes from God our land shall indeed be free.” There 
came a time in the progress of the race when God said to the scien- 
tific men of the world —they didn’t know it perhaps, — but God 
said to the scientific men of the world, ‘Let there be light” on the 
alcohol question. And they turned to their laboratories, and for 
half a century or more now they have been bringing out of those 
laboratories the facts concerning the effects of alcohol which have 
been revolutionizing the thoughts and the customs of the people of 
the world. That work is not yet done. Old customs and old be- 
liefs and old traditions yield but slowly before the truth. Just 
about the moment that this work was beginning, the vision came to 
people in several countries of the necessity of getting this truth to 
the people. And here in this country the thought worked out this 
way: How shall we, in a government of the people, wipe out the 
liquor trafic? We can do it only by securing a majority. How 
are we going to reach the majorities? We have got to reach them 
in the formative period of life? Naturally, in America, it was the 
public school. And so women —or about half a century ago the 
Women’s Christian Temperance Union, in the very early days of 
this formative period, turned itself to this stupendous task of en- 
grafting on the public school system of the United States a new 
subject which involved the teaching of the children of the nation the 
facts concerning the nature and effects of alcoholic drinks and other 
narcotics that now is a matter of history. It has naturally pro- 
gressed with the years. We have more facts and a larger range of 
facts, and a more practical set of facts than we had half a century 
ago. But in this new day of our temperance movement we need, 
as Mrs. Tilton has told you, to have continued education of children 
and youth in the modern facts concerning alcohol, if they are to 
carry on the work which we have done in bringing our temperance 
movement thus far. 

So I want to speak to you in a few moments very briefly and very 
directly of certain things which you and I must do now if we are 
to conserve this training of young people for the coming generation. 


82 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


REMARKS of 
Mrs. G. M. MATHES 


Member of the Commission on Education of the National 
Woman's Law Enforcement Committee 


I Hop in my hand a French magazine dated June, 1924. In 
this magazine is the annual report of the French Wine Dealers 
Association. This report contains some matters of particular inter- 
est to the people of the United States. As you listen to what I am 
about to read, remember that the United States newspapers men- 
tioned in this report are the very papers which constantly urge us 
to avoid entangling alliances with European countries. 

READ:— from L’Exportateur, Francais, June 24, 1924. 

“The French Wines Exportation Commission was able to note 
last year already that its publicity campaign in the great newspapers 
edited in the English language in the United States (I will omit 
the names of the papers) had given rise in the American press to 
very numerous commentaries highly favorable to its cause and given 
a greater impulse to the anti-prohibitionists’ literature of both con- 
tinents. 

“Accordingly, there also, it was considered advisable not to make 
any change in the method but, following a new program and in a 
greater number of periodicals, such as the , the journals of 
the Navigation Companies, and in certain organs circulated by 
means of its official propaganda departments, it endeavored to de- 
velop the initial results. The United States is one of the countries 
where propaganda work has most need to be carried out with cir- 
cumspection and skill. 

“This sustained action endeavors to maintain intact the former 
markets, creates new ones and tries to bring about the suppression 
of prohibitive duties and the re-opening of the dry countries.” 

I hold in my hand clippings of wet material taken from one of 
the great newspapers in New York, named in this French Wine 
Dealers report. These are clippings for a period of thirty days 
and measure 25 yards. ‘This daily subscribers 170,000 totals 
4,250,000 yards and Sundays 190,000 multiplied by 25 totals 4,- 
750,000 yards. 

The clippings here are from a paper which is said to go into one 
home in every four in the seven mid-west states, a great Chicago 
paper, which according to its advertisements has 727,879 subscribers. 
These clippings total 37 yards of columns, and multiplied by the 
number of subscribers equals 26,931,523 yards. On Sunday the 
number of subscribers are 1,105,614 multiplied by 37 totals 40,- 
907,718 yards. 





WASHINGTON CONVENTION 83 


We have only checked the material from two such cooperating 
agencies mentioned by the wine growers of France, and this ma- 
terial furnishes some indication of the stream of wet propaganda 
which the citizens of the United States must offset. 

What are we going to do about it? Well, serious as the problem 
is, | venture to make a few recommendations: 


1. Let the editor of the big city paper know he has a progressive public 
by forming a central state committee of women who shall endeavor to 
establish coédperating committees in churches and clubs in such political 
subdivisions of the state as shall seem wise. Assign to each committee 
certain newspapers. Instruct the committee to send a barrage of letters 
by way of protest to each editor whenever a screed appears in his col- 
umns against law enforcement and the Eighteenth Amendment. Also 


commendation where deserved of course. 

2. Let the sub-committee make an annual survey of one month’s output 
against law enforcement and prohibition in the various newspapers which 
are under the supervision of these committees. Let them measure the 
columns in yards, rods and miles and send the results to the clubs, the 
churches and the press so that the good citizen may know the amount of 
anti-prohibition material each newspaper has printed in one month. 

3. Let each committee endeavor to secure a certain amount of space in 
as many newspapers as possible and fill this space periodically with 
“Facts” concerning the real results of prohibition and the real reason for 


its non-enforcement. 


REMARKS of 
Hon. GRANT M. HUDSON 


Chairman of Committee on Alcoholic Traffic, House of Representatives 


M* Hupson spoke as follows: 

“The present system is the outgrowth of brewery activity to 
head off Provincial prohibition. At that time 92% of the Prov- 
ince of Quebec was dry. It looked as though the Province would 
go dry. The opposition started a campaign for Government con- 
trol for the sale of 2.5 per cent beer. “They won out in the contest, 
but no sooner was 2.5 per cent beer legalized than they renewed 
their efforts with increased financial resources to secure the sale 
of beer of ordinary alcoholic strength. Step by step this has in- 
creased until today one can purchase any amount of beer, wine, 
whiskey, gin, brandy, or any other kind of liquor one desires in any 
quantity whatever. Even at the Government-control stores, which 
indicate that the purchaser can buy only one bottle, he is not pre- 
vented from buying a bottle at every store in the city or in the 
Province if he can reach it in one day. As a common practice men 
go into the same stores several times a day and the bartender will 


not recognize them as former purchasers. 
“The tavern is the same as the old beer saloon in the United 


84 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


States. “They are required to have tables in them. This may be a 
wise precaution, as the purchaser can drink even after he is unable 
to stand. ‘The law against sales to minors and drunkards and 
excessive drinkers is violated just as it was in the United States 
under the license system. 

“The mail-order department of the liquor commission sells liquor 
by mail to anyone in the dry municipalities, and government liquor 
shops are established in dry municipalities where they have not ac- 
tually voted against the sale of liquor. In such a municipality 
when a protest is filed, the protestants are told that they are too 
late. There is no provision for a vote in the Canadian Govern- 
ment control law. Liquor shops are started in this dry territory 
contrary to the protests of the churches, town councils, and other 
representatives of the municipalities. Liquor shops are started with- 
out notice being given to the people in these dry towns, and the 
government recently emphasized its refusal to insert a provision to 
require notice of such publication and to give the people a chance 
to show that the majority did not want liquor sold. 

“The government is frankly in the liquor business and is pushing 
the trade vigorously although the whole system is supposed to pro- 
mote temperance. The illustrated liquor-advertising pamphlets are 
drawn in the most enticing way. “They make the mouth of an old 
alcoholic water and tempt even the youth. 

“By sending liquor by mail into dry municipalities they are under- 
mining the dry territory and only about half of the Province is 
now under local prohibition. One of the strange inconsistencies 
of the Government-control system is the limits to which they go in 
pushing the sales of liquor while the health department advises in 
its bulletins that — 

“If you want to grow up healthy and strong and avoid disease, 
abstain from alcoholic liquors.’ 

“Consistency is no part of the government-control plan.” 


EDITORIAL 


The Montreal “Witness” declares there are A THOUSAND illicit 


liquor selling places in Montreal, which is under Government control. 
The Toronto “Star” reports under the same control 53% increase in 
bootlegging and greatly increased drunkenness among women. Don’t 
do it as they do it in Quebec. Note the French attitude toward the 
question in the United States. Watch Paris propaganda! 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 85 


SUMMARY OF REMARKS MADE BY 
HENRY W. FARNAM 


Professor Emeritus of Economics, Yale University 


ATE referring to the five bills before the Judiciary Committee 
of the Senate, the purpose of which is merely to make it 
easier to get a drink but which do nothing towards improving the 
administration of the law, Mr. Farnam said that it was not enough 
to take a negative attitude of opposition to such bills. It was very 
important to the work for constructive measures, and as the job 
was essentially a house cleaning job it was one in which the help 
of women would be peculiarly useful. He referred in particular 
to three lines of improvement. 

a. Classifying the field agents under the merit system. 

This is a measure which the National Civil Service Reform 
League has been urging in season and out of season for several 
years, warning Congress that if these agents were exempted the 
very evils would follow which we have experienced. At last Con- 
gress has sensed the situation. The House has passed the Civil 
Service bill and the Senate Committee recommends the same action. 


b. Equipping the government with adequate courts. 

District Attorney Buckner has given a sorry picture of the situa- 
tion in New York. He has told us of one United States Commis- 
sioner who has not even a stenographer. He has told us that the 
Assistant District Attorney, on whom devolves the duty of taking 
the first steps towards initiating a suit, is five months behind in his 
work although his office is on the fifth floor of the building in 
which the court sits. It takes five months to send a formal paper 
from the fifth to the third floor. There is but one judge available 
for all of the criminal cases of which there are now some 9000, 
some of which run back three, four, and five up to even nine years. 
About three thousand of these are prohibition cases. It is no won- 
der that the law is not well enforced when the machinery is so 
grotesquely inadequate. 


c. Providing adequate funds. 

It sounds like a big figure to say that it is going to cost 25 million 
dollars for the present year to enforce prohibition, but this applies 
to a population of 113 million and it amounts to just 22 cents per 
head of the population, the price of two cheap cigars or two cheap 
packages of cigarettes for the entire year. “There should be more 
officers and their salaries should be higher to avoid putting them 
under the temptation of accepting bribes. Mr. Buckner has shown 
how merely to get a man to sit in a distillery and look on prevents 
fraud and saves the government thousands of dollars. 


86 LAW, ENFORCEMENT 


In addition to improving the law women can do much to main- 
tain morale. This is no time for defeatism. Every important 
piece of social legislation has required time to become effective. 
Almost every one has met with serious opposition at first and it 
has often been weakened by bad administration. Gradually the 
government improves its technique of enforcement; the people learn 
about the law; they appreciate its purposes and it becomes effective. 
This was the case with the first liquor law passed by England, the 
Gin Act of 1736. It resulted in riots and disturbances and had to 
be repealed after seven years. But other and more effective acts 
were passed. This was true of the first attempt to tax distilled 
liquors by the United States. This led to the Whiskey Rebellion. 
When Washington called upon the rioters to disperse, September 
15, 1792, his officers were tarred and feathered. A second proc- 
lamation went unheeded. ‘The third was backed up by an armed 
force which Washington accompanied in person and the Whiskey 
Rebellion was put down. Numerous other examples all showing 
the same thing could be cited. One of the great tasks now is not 
to allow ourselves to be discouraged by those who predict failure. 


ADDRESS of 
Mrs. ANTHONY WAYNE Cook 


President General, National Society, Daughters of the 
American Revolution 


HE security of our citizenship rests on law observance and law 

enforcement. Nowhere in the world has law had a greater 
native majesty than in America. From colonial times through the 
winning of the West, and the founding of the inland empire, our 
American forbears respected justice and abided by law. Law kept 
pace with the pioneers, and ordered the lines of the God-fearing 
men and women who wrested our national domain from the wil- 
derness. ““The law of the land”—what more compelling phrase 
is there in our national lexicon. The law must not continue to be 
mocked in this our day by the wilful selfishness of the few. 

There is at present, rampant in our land, a loud-voiced minority 
which is attempting to justify its non-observance of law with the © 
claim that it interferes with personal liberty. This is but a selfish 
evasion of responsibility—an attempt to let personal indulgence, 
greed and selfishness hide behind a mask that would have us be- 
lieve that an infringement of our personal liberties has been put 
over upon us. 

After a vigorous effort lasting more than fifty years, the Eight- 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 87 


eenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution was ratified because 
a majority of the people in this country so willed. In my opinion 
that amendment will never be repealed. Loyal respect for it, 
whethet we believe in it or not, is the duty of every citizen. 

Nor can any law be flouted without serious consequences to the 
citizen and to the state. If lawlessness is on the increase in this 
country it is because we have relaxed our respect for the law. 

With regard to the attitude of women and of women’s societies 
toward law observance and law enforcement, I would say that if 
every woman in America were willing to do her duty, there would 
probably be no need of this Congress. But since we are, despite 
this desired and yet unattained end, a tremendously representative 
group of thinking patriotic citizens, we must realize that it is not 
enough for us to simply do our individual duty. We must also 
be mindful of our duty and responsibility as vigilant Americans, 
striving to keep before our communities and the nation ideals of 
womanhood, of service and of the sort of upstanding citizenship 
that should enter into our daily lives and work—whether that 
work be the business occupation of the professional woman or the 
more concentrated service of the home-making, home-keeping woman 
which after all constitutes one of the greatest, if not the greatest 
business in the world. 

The work that every one of us does for herself and her family 
or for her community in the way of sanctifying the law—and of 
helping to observe both its letter and spirit redounds not only to 
her own benefit but to the benefit of every one of her fellow-beings. 

We have the right to assume that every woman shall contribute 
something worth while for the benefit of Society. And I am 
old-fashioned or new-fashioned enough, as you please, to believe 
that women must hold inviolate within themselves as the mothers 
and first teachers of the race—the spiritual leadership of the world. 
If we surrender it, no equality can take its place in the opportunities 
and responsibilities which are and always should be peculiarly the 
province of women. 

I am, however, a great believer in reciprocity with regard both to 
the problems of the home and those of the nation—and I am equally 
convinced that for the future any great national movement to be the 
success that it should be—must have the hearty, sincere cooperation 
of both the men and the women. 

We shall best attain the desired ends for law observance and law 
enforcement by arousing the sleeping conscience of the nation in 
regard to the necessity of codrdinating its efforts toward definite goals. 

As a nation the spirit of our past enlarges our vision and high 
aspirations for the future inspire us. We are proud of our institu- 
tions of government and of our participation and partnership in 
them and we desire to pass this pride of citizenship on to our chil- 
dren. To worthily do this we must realize that it is your duty 





- 88 LAW, ENFORCEMENT 


and mine to cooperate in some unified plan which shall bring about 
respect for law and the feeling within each one of us that laws may 
be for the good of the whole, without being personally agreeable 
to us. 

As to how we shall bring this desired end about, undertakings 
that might well have dismayed another nation have but served to 
challenge the American spirit and intrigue the American zest for 
measuring up to its ideals as a nation. We are facing a great crisis 
as to how we as a people shall measure up to the present need for 
respect for law and the means for bringing. about its observance. 
Personally I believe that as soon as the conviction is borne in upon 
our consciousness that we shall not abrogate our present laws, nor 
relax them but instead that they must be obeyed by all, we shall 
meet the issue in the fair, square American way at whatever cost it 
may entail, so that the desired end justifies the expenditure. Let 
us ask ourselves, however, as to whether or not we have as yet fully 
exhausted the remedies which are at hand in correcting the evils 
which are in our midst? 


SCHOOLS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT 
CHARL WILLIAMS 


Field Secretary, National Education Association 


{ he ANSWER to the query, “What will the schools do on the ques- 
tion of law enforcement?” I beg leave to submit the pronounce- 
ments of the teachers on this subject extending over a period of more 
than a half century. The National Education Association was or- 
ganized in 1867 and reorganized in Salt Lake City in 1918 in the 
interest of democratic representation in its delegate body. “Today it 
is a voluntary organization of approximately 150,000 members with 
an allied organization of teachers in each of the forty-eight states 
and in Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, the 
allied membership approximating 500,000 teachers. Four years be- 
fore the present organization was effected and while the nation was 
facing its first real crisis the National Teachers Association, the fore- 
runner of the National Education Association, deemed “no person 
worthy to hold the honorable position of teacher or officer in any 
educational institution who is not fearlessly outspoken and true, at 
all times, both by voice and vote, to the great questions of loyalty, 
patriotism, and the unconditional support of the National Govern- ° 
ment in the crisis of our country.”” When the conflict was over the 
National Teachers Association in 1866 resolved “that our common 
schools should be required by legislative enactment to teach so far 
as may be practicable, the fundamental principles of our government, 
both state and national. To inculcate love of country. To encour- 
age respect for authority and obedience to law.” 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 89 


The next year the National Education Association came into being 
—at a time when law enforcement was a burning question. So it 
has remained with the teachers until the present time and it is gen- 
erally accepted as the responsibility of the schools to train good, happy, 
healthy, intelligent citizens. “The teachers are not accustomed to 
teach law observance by precept alone. On the contrary, they con- 
stitute one of the most law-abiding groups in the whole land. Schools 
are established and teachers are licensed to teach through due proc- 
ess of law. School terms are regulated, courses of study prescribed 
by law. Thus teachers live rather intimately with the law and in 
the teacher’s world laws are made to be observed. Add to these 
conditions the inspiring ideals of the profession and the result can 
be no other than it is. 


Being a teacher myself I prefer to let someone else pronounce the 
eulogy upon my profession. It has been fittingly done by one of 
the great men of our time. In February, 1926, when Secretary 
Hoover addressed the Department of Superintendence of the Na- 
tional Education Association in Washington, in speaking of our 
school system as the foundation of our national ideals, he said: 


You have the responsibility of making America one and_ in- 
divisible. Such a result in carrying forward national ideals was 
bound to accrue from the nature of our educational system. It 
has called its teachers from the body of the people, and has com- 
missioned them to teach the ideals of the great body of our peo- 
ple as well as the knowledge of the more favored few. It is, 
therefore, in itself truly democratic. This teaching of ideals is 
by its nature spontaneous and unstudied. And it has had to be 
sincere. The public school teacher cannot live apart; he cannot 
separate his teaching from his daily walk and conversation. He 
lives among his pupils during school hours, and among them and 
their parents all the time. He is peculiarly a public character 
under the most searching scrutiny of watchful and critical eyes. 
His life is an open book. His habits are known to all. His office, 
like that of a minister of religion, demands of him an exceptional 
standard of conduct. And how rarely does a teacher fall below 
that standard! How seldom does a teacher figure in a sensational 
headline in a newspaper! It is truly remarkable, I even think 
that so vast an army of people—approximately eight hundred 
thousand—so uniformly meets its obligations, so effectively does 
its job, so decently behaves itself, as to be almost utterly incon- 
spicuous in a sensation-loving country. It implies a wealth of 
character, of faith, of patience, of quiet competence, to achieve 
such a record as that. 


Further evidence of the teachers’ unwavering devotion to this 
whole question is found in their resolutions of four conventions, 
which are as follows: 


Bo.ton, MAssAcHUSsETTs, 1903—National Educational Association 

Disregard for law and for its established modes of procedure 
is as serious a danger as can menace a democracy. The restraint 
of passion by respect for law is a distinguishing mark of civ- 


90 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


jilized beings. To throw off that restraint, whether by appeals to 
brutal instincts or by specious pleas for a law of nature which is 
superior to the laws of man, is to revert to barbarism. It is the 
duty of the schools so to lay the foundations of character in the 
young that they will grow up with a reverence for the majesty 
of the law. Any system of school discipline which disregards this 
obligation is harmful to the child and dangerous to the state. A 
democracy which would endure must be as law-abiding as it is 
liberty-loving. 
DENVER, CoLorapo, 1909—National Education Association 

The common schools of our country must recognize more fully 
than ever the necessity of training our youth for citizenship. The 
perpetuation of democracy depends upon the existence in the people 
of that habit of will which is justice. Liberty under law is the 
process for attaining justice which has thus far been most suc- 
‘cessful among civilized men. The call to citizenship is a call to the 
exercise of liberty under law, a call to the limitation of liberty by 
law, and a call to the pursuit of justice, not only for one’s self but 
for others. 


PorTLAND, OREGON, 1917—National Education Association 


We urge that patriotism be taught by every teacher of whatever 
grade, by methods adapted to the mental and spiritual life of 
pupils, whether this be by heroic story, by song, by biography and 
history, by social ethics, or by a revised and vitalized civics. 


From coast to coast and back again these educational leaders 
have gone teaching as they went the fundamental principles of 
democracy. The Boston convention of 1922 seems to me to have 
stated the attitude of the profession on the question uppermost in 
your minds today, in this clear and unmistakable resolution: 


Boston, MAssAcHuUsETTs, 1922—National Education Association 

The safety of the Republic rests in a large degree with the 
teachers of the nation. We call upon teachers everywhere to 
teach respect for law and order and for constituted authority; 
to impress alike upon young and old the importance of obedience 
to the Constitution and to all state and national laws and to 
local ordinances; to, teach the children that the laws are made 
by the majority and may be changed by the majority; but that 
they must be obeyed by all; and that he who disobeys the Con- 
stitution or laws is an enemy of.the Republic. 


So much for law enforcement. 

Your convention was called “to work for enforcement of all 
law with special stress, at present, on the Prohibition Law, the 
front today where the battle against lawlessness has to be fought.’ 
What have the teachers had to say about prohibition in days gone 
by? The following resolutions reveal their attitude more clearly 
than any words of mine. 


CHAuTAUQUA, NEW York, 1880—National Educational Association 


RESOLVED, That this Association most heartily approves of 
the efforts made in Great Britain, and more recently in this 
country, to introduce into the schools needed instruction on the 
etfects of alcohol upon the human system, and we welcome the 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 91 


appearance of manuals for the information of teachers, embody- 
ing the latest teachings of both science and experience on this 
important question. 
Mapison, WIsconsin, 1884—National Educational Association 
The committee on temperance notes with profound satisfaction 
the practical direction now being given to the aroused temperance 
sentiment of this country. Especially do we rejoice in the well- 
directed efforts of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union to 
secure instruction in physiology and hygiene in all grades of the 
public school system with particular reference to the effect of 
alcoholic stimulants upon the human system. Legislation to this 
effect has already been secured in five states—New York, Michi- 
gan, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Rhode Island. We rec- 
ommend the hearty codperation of this Association in making 
such legislation general throughout the land. 


SARATOGA SPRINGS, NEw York, 1885—WNational Educational Asso- 
ciation 

RESOLVED, That we approve the effort to create a strong 
public sentiment in favor of temperance, and that we heartily 
endorse all proper individual and legislative action looking toward 
the healthfulness, happiness and purity of the people. 


Cuicaco, ILLinois, 1887—National Educational Association 

RESOLVED, That we recommend to the several State Legis- 
latures the adoption of laws: (1) Requiring instruction to be 
given in all public schools in physiology and hygiene, with special 
reference to the injurious effects upon the human system of alco- 
hol and narcotics. 
Cuicaco, ILLiNnors, 1900—Department of Superintendence of the 
National Education Association 

In consideration of the deep interest which this department 
takes in every legitimate effort to advance the cause of temper- 
ance, and of its desire to promote in the schools of the country 
the teaching of temperance based on sound pedagogical and sci- 
entific principles, be it 

RESOLVED, That the chair appoint a committee of seven, 
whose duty it shall be to report upon the teaching of physiology 
in the schools, especially with regard to the condition and prog- 
ress of scientific inquiry as to the action of alcohol upon the 
human system, and to recommend what action, if any, by this 
department is justified by the results of these inquiries. 
PrrTsBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, 1918—National Education Association 

The Association urges the adoption by the states of the amend- 
ment for the prohibition of the sale and manufacture of intoxi- 
cating beverages. 


I was one of the countless thousands of children who were 
taught the evils of alcohol and in turn, as a teacher | passed on 
this knowledge with all the intelligence at my command. So it 
was with thousands of teachers in the cities, towns, villages, and 
remote places in this country. Almost overnight the temperance 
forces of America found themselves reinforced by a vast army of 
earnest workers who succeeded in their teaching. It is not too 
much to say that the teachers of the nation had a creditable share 


92 LAW* ENFORCEMENT 


in the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment. In Salt Lake City 
in 1920 the National Education Association “declares itself in 
hearty accord with the recent decision of the Supreme Court of the 
United States affirming the validity of the Eighteenth Amendment 
and it further believes in and calls for the impartial and fearless 
enforcement of the Volstead Act or similar act substantially in 
harmony in spirit and application to said act, opposing any back- 
ward step which shall endanger the fundamental institution of 
society.” 

Since that day the National Education Association and the De- 
partment of Superintendence have sounded a clarion call to the 
teachers of the nation to stand for and to teach law enforcement. 
Their record is clear and consistent. Let me read it to you. 


CLEVELAND, OH10, 1923—Department of Superintendence 


We commend the devotion and zeal of the classroom teachers 
of America who have caught the spirit of the new educational 
advance and given themselves without reserve to the task of main- 
taining the ideals and standards of our American system of 

* public education, and who have dedicated themselves to the high 
purpose of translating the increased funds provided for education 
into a worthy and upright citizenry, whose faith in the high 
ideals and the best traditions of America, and whose recognition 
of the principle of obedience to established law, shall guarantee 
the security and well-being of the Republic. 


Cuicaco, ILLINOIs, 1924—Department of Superintendence 


LAW OBSERVANCE—We recognize that our civilization is in 
danger of being undermined by the failure of our people to ob- 
serve the laws of our country and the communities in which they 
live. We further recognize the fact that law observance can be 
best secured by proper observation and training. We therefore 
urge that the schools of America stress as never before the funda- 
mental principles of American citizenship—participation and re- 
spect for duly constituted authorities. 


WASHINGTON, D. C., 1924—National Education Association 


LAW ENFORCEMENT—We regret that in many communities 
there has developed a spirit of disregard of laws, especially 
those dealing with personal conduct. This attitude is reacting 
unfavorably upon the youth of America by causing laxness in 
respect for and enforcement of law. Teachers everywhere should 
endeavor to inspire respect for law and should advocate strict 
enforcement thereof. We refer in particular to national and state 
laws, forbidding the liquor trafhe and the distribution of obscene 
literature, posters, and pictures. This is equally true with regard 
to the enforcement of laws in many states forbidding the sale of 
cigarettes to’children. 

CINCINNATI, OHIO, 1925—Department of Superintendence 

CIVIC SERVICE—A principle which has been proclaimed by 
the Association from the beginning, that the chief aim of public 
education is the training of the citizen to live up to American 
civic, political, and moral ideals, we reaffirm together with our 
resolve to direct the daily exercises of our schools predominantly 
toward this end. 





WASHINGTON CONVENTION we 


INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA, 1925—National Education Association 


CITIZENSHIP OBLIGATION—The exercise of the suffrage 
and the observance of law are primary duties of a citizen. Teach- 
ers and administrators of schools should teach, both in the school- 
room and by personal conduct, a wholesome respect for an observ- 
ance of all laws, and should take an active and intelligent part 
in the selection of public officials and the consideration of public 
questions. 


A new spirit has come into our classrooms—autocratic methods 
have been superseded by democratic methods. and a comradeship 
between teacher and pupil is being developed today, as a result, 
that makes the disciplinary problems of twenty years ago seem 
like strange unrealities. If teachers succeeded in teaching temper- 
ance under the old regime, it ought to be expected that much 
greater results would be accomplished in this ‘new age’’. 

There are some phases of this question however that I cannot 
refrain from laying before you for your thoughtful consideration. 
The home is not doing its part as it did a generation ago. Every 
year new responsibilities are thrust upon the schools. “The course 
of study has been over-loaded and some of it has become obsolete. 
The schoolrooms are over-crowded with children and teachers are 
carrying too heavy a burden. Salaries have not kept pace with 
living costs and other professions, more remunerative, are attract- 
ing a high type of young man and woman who formerly taught 
school. Recruiting the profession today is one of the serious prob- 
lems before you, if you only realized it. The average age of the 
teachers in America today is less perhaps than that of any other 
period of her history. “Thousands of these young people have en- 
tered the ranks of the teachers since the adoption of the Eighteenth 
Amendment and they have little personal knowledge of the long 
struggle to bring it to pass. Our responsibility is all the greater 
because of this condition. Communities must exercise every pre- 
caution to the end that only those teachers are permitted to teach 
whose ideals are in harmony with law enforcement. ‘This is your 
responsibility and you must face it fairly and squarely. 

We hear much today about the increasing immorality among 
young people. Youth is being defamed from one end of this land 
to the other. The teachers know youth in its joys and pies 
Have they lost their hold upon these young people, or woafse still, 
have they lost faith in them? The Department of Sup2riAtendence 
of the National Education Association has profound faith in the 
youth of America as is evidenced by their resolution adopted in 


Washington, D. C., 1926: 


In an age more complex and intricate than any other the world 
has ever known, in a country of unparalleled prosperity, the prob- 
lem of personal adjustment to social, civic, and economic environ- 
ment is not easy. To a generation of youth facing such complexity 
the difficulty is great indeed. It is a tribute to young America 


94 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


that in making this adjustment so many succeed and so few fail. 
We bear our tribute to essential cleanness, the intellectual straight- 
ness, the frank courage, and the decent idealism of American 
young manhood and young womanhood. The greatest obligation 
we, an adult generation, owe is the obligation we owe to them. 
In developing those characteristics of personality and citizenship 
which we desire for our civilization, such as obedience to law, 
respect for government, and tolerance, all American adults will 
serve youth best by themselves setting those examples which they 
desire youth to follow. 


Let the home, the school, the church and the community join 
hands and each assume its just share of the responsibility and the 
problem of non-observance of the law will disappear. 

I hear expressions of impatience that we are summoned from 
our homes and our work to fight a battle we thought was already 
won. It is well to remember there that the forces of evil and 
destruction are ever at work and that the fight for law and order 
is never wholly won. Perhaps it is better so. At any rate | am 
disposed to look for good to come out of this struggle. I am sure 
that a virile, active citizenry will result which we could not hope 
for otherwise. Millions of our women were enfranchised in 1920. 
Many of them did not seek the right then and have not exercised 
it since. ‘The fact that less than 50% of our qualified citizens 
voted in the last presidential election should arouse the non-voters 
among the men as well as among the women. Many a woman 
ordinarily simply will not be wrought up over whether Mr. Jones 
or Mr. Smith should be elected to office. When it is pointed out 
that Mr. Jones stands for measures that endanger her home, that 
threaten the well-being of her husband and children, then she will 
march to the polls on election day in hundreds of thousands in- 
spired as if from on High to defeat such men. ‘Thus will she 
learn the art of being a citizen. 

In my judgment this issue of law enforcement and the mainten- 
ance of prohibition will enlist the energy and activity of our people 
as no other question, except the World War, has ever done. After 
all this is a war of democracy, too, and enlistment for the duration 
of the struggle is only just begun. What will the teachers do? 
According to their preparation for their task and their maturity, 
they will do, I firmly believe, in the future what they have done 
in the past. “There are no blots on their record on this question 
for the last fifty years. I look forward to their work of the next 
half century with hope and confidence in them unimpaired. 


WASHINGTON CONVENTION 95 


STORY OF CONVENTION — Concluded 


There was no sentimentality and no abusiveness in the conven- 
tion. The women know what they want and why, they know their 
politicians and they know the masculine mind on law enforcement, 
having worked with it through all the ages. They are sometimes 
misled by propaganda but not often a second time. They are not 
the weaker or timid sex on moral issues. “They have that persist- 
ence which will keep them at the task. Of course, women are not 
all alike on any issue. They will differ, but will, with few excep- 
tions, stand for the good of the child. Only a moron or abnormal 
type will yield there. “Together men and women will keep the 
constitution inviolate and the Federal Union from the attacks of 
the men who cover their disloyalty by the cry of state rights. 

While we fight for the 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act 
we have a greater struggle, which is to get rid of the present politi- 
cal method, machine, boss rule, ring, the use of money in the wrong 
way, and above all to secure men of ability and character who will 
be loyal to their oath of allegiance. The fears of men’who realize 
threatened dangers to their business and themselves from men who 
do not hesitate to coerce, the objection which some husbands have 
to their wives entering into anything like politics and a still more 
serious situation, the feeling of certain men that they have a right 
morally to restrain their wives from voting according to their con- 
sciences or rendering any service to a cause unpopular with them 
like law enforcement, enter into the problem. 

The women, however, adopted unanimously the resolutions pre- 
sented, meeting the last difficulty with a new statement of women’s 
rights, putting it under the head of the poem by Browning, “Any 
Wife to Any Husband.” 

My Soul is God’s, my heart is yours, my vote is my own. 

The woman’s vote has been the doubtful thing, partly, we be- 
lieve, because the League of Women Voters has not taken a firm 
stand for real issues with the exception of the World Court. 
Women will not, perhaps, see their duty to vote in the abstract, 
but here is an issue, the woman’s issue, the issue of the home, child, 
husband, community, the issue of the Constitution of the United 
States. Our own Federal Government has opposed to it state 
rights, the same old issue that the nation has met before triumphantly 
and will meet again with added earnestness and power because the 
women of the country are in line for the primary and polls. Not in 
line yet, perhaps, for Congress and equal representation in govern- 
ment, though we doubt if they could do any worse than some are 
doing at present. We question whether any but the exceptional 
women would do as well as the best of our men, but after a month 
in Washington of rather careful study we believe the time is coming 


96 LAW ENFORCEMENT 


when the best women of the nation must be represented not only by 
their votes for good men, but by their own representatives who 
could bring into the halls of Congress the woman’s point of view. 


Measures to be Considered in Hearings Before Senate 
Sub-Committe of Judiciary Committee, 
; April 5 to 17 


REPEALING THE EIGHTEENTH AMENDMENT 


S. J. Res. 34, by Senator Bruce, proposes a repeal of the Eighteenth 
Amendment and the substitution of an amendment to the Constitution to 
provide for government manufacture and control of intoxicating liquor, 
or, in the discretion of Congress, a return to the license system, except in 
States which have State-wide constitutional prohibition. Every argument 
against the re-instatement of the beverage liquor trafic can and should 
be used against this resolution. 


RAISING ALCOHOLIC CONTENT 


S. 33, by Senator Edge and S. 3118, also by Senator Edge. These 
measures provide for an increased alcoholic content in beer and permitted 
beverages. S. 33 provides for 2.75 per cent of alcohol in permitted bever- 
ages. §. 3118 proposes to leave it to each jury to determine what is “not 
intoxicating in fact.’ Courts and public officials have declared that it is 
necessary to fix definitely the standard of alcoholic content if the law 
is to be enforced. Jury discretion as to “intoxicating in fact’’ means non- 
enforcement. 

MEDICINAL WHISKEY 


S. 34, by Senator Edge, provides for the removal of the limitations 
now placed on doctors in prescribing medicinal whiskey, to wit, that not 
more than one-half pint of alcohol (or something over a pint of whiskey) 
shall be prescribed every ten days. ‘Twenty-two States prohibit the use 
of medicinal whiskey entirely. There is no limit on the amount of alcohol 
which a doctor may prescribe to a patient if he adds sufficient medicament 
to it so that it will not be fit for beverage use. A large percentage of the 
whiskey in the United States now used for medicinal purposes is pre- 
scribed in New York, Illinois and Pennsylvania. Hundreds of doctors 
have had their permits taken away from them and many have been 
indicted for furnishing liquor for beverage use through prescriptions. 
If the limitation is repealed there will be large quantities of whiskey pre- 
scribed in these and other states ostensibly for medicinal purposes, but 
actually for beverage use. 

S. J. Res. 31, by Senator Edge, was introduced on March 26th, after 
the scope of the hearings had been determined, but will probably be under 
consideration. It provides for a national referendum on the National 
Prohibition Act (Volstead Act). 

S. J. Res. 85, by Senator Bruce, proposing to amend the Eighteenth 
Amendment with regard to “intoxicating liquors,’ introduced on March 
29, also was put in after the hearings had been arranged. 


The above are the measures the Committee has announced will be 
considered at the hearings. 


FOR REPEAL OF THE VOLSTEAD ACT 


S. 592, by Senator Edwards, to repeal the National Prohibition Act, 
was indefinitely postponed by the Senate Committee and will not be con- 
‘ilered. The Committee announced the repeal of the Volstead Act would 
leave the Eightecnth Amendment without any means of enforcing, and 
they refused to consider it. 












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